{ "dataset": "Purely Peptides Research Library", "file": "findings", "description": "Published study findings. Each reports one cited study in its stated cell, animal or computational model: the model, the test system, what the study reported, its direction and the reference. These are reports about the cited studies, not claims about any product. Held findings are not included.", "version": "2026-10-21", "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "Purely Peptides Research Library, https://purelypeptides.org/research/, licensed CC BY 4.0", "notice": "Research reference data about peptide identity, structure and the published literature. It is not product information, makes no claim about any product, and is not medical advice.", "count": 254, "records": [ { "id": "finding-aod-9604-25208511-1", "compoundIds": [ "aod-9604" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25208511", "pmid": "25208511", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Serum and urine incubations", "text": "Cox et al. identified six potential AOD9604 metabolites after incubation in serum and urine in vitro.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-aod-9604-25208511-2", "compoundIds": [ "aod-9604" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25208511", "pmid": "25208511", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Serum incubations", "text": "Cox et al. identified CRSVEGSCG as a stable AOD9604 metabolite in serum incubations in vitro.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-semaglutide-26308095-1", "compoundIds": [ "semaglutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-26308095", "pmid": "26308095", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "GLP-1 receptor affinity assay", "text": "Lau et al. measured a semaglutide GLP-1 receptor affinity of 0.38 ± 0.06 nM in an in-vitro receptor affinity assay.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-semaglutide-26308095-2", "compoundIds": [ "semaglutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-26308095", "pmid": "26308095", "model": "animal", "system": "Mini-pigs", "text": "Lau et al. measured a semaglutide plasma half-life of 46.1 h in mini-pigs.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-semaglutide-26308095-3", "compoundIds": [ "semaglutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-26308095", "pmid": "26308095", "model": "animal", "system": "Mini-pigs", "text": "Lau et al. measured a semaglutide mean residence time of 63.6 h in mini-pigs.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-semaglutide-34260945-1", "compoundIds": [ "semaglutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34260945", "pmid": "34260945", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "GLP-1R–Gs protein complexes", "text": "Zhang et al. reported cryo-EM structures and identified receptor and bound-peptide motions in semaglutide-bound GLP-1R–Gs protein complexes in vitro.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-semaglutide-32213703-1", "compoundIds": [ "semaglutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-32213703", "pmid": "32213703", "model": "animal", "system": "Rat area postrema tissue", "text": "Gabery et al. observed upregulation of prolactin-releasing hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase in microdissected area postrema tissue from rats exposed to semaglutide.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-retatrutide-35985340-1", "compoundIds": [ "retatrutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35985340", "pmid": "35985340", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "GCGR, GIPR and GLP-1R activity assays", "text": "Coskun et al. reported balanced GCGR and GLP-1R activity and greater GIPR activity for LY3437943 in in-vitro receptor assays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-retatrutide-35985340-2", "compoundIds": [ "retatrutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35985340", "pmid": "35985340", "model": "animal", "system": "Obese mice", "text": "Coskun et al. observed decreased body weight and improved glycemic control in obese mice exposed to LY3437943.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-kisspeptin-10-38978171-1", "compoundIds": [ "kisspeptin-10" ], "referenceId": "pmid-38978171", "pmid": "38978171", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human serum incubations", "text": "Colpaert et al. identified four kisspeptin-10 metabolites corresponding to fragments y9, y8, y7 and y5 after incubation in human serum in vitro.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-kisspeptin-10-38935498-1", "compoundIds": [ "kisspeptin-10" ], "referenceId": "pmid-38935498", "pmid": "38935498", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "KISS1R receptor complexes", "text": "Shen et al. reported a cryo-EM structure of kisspeptin-10 bound to KISS1R in an in-vitro receptor complex and identified interactions with receptor extracellular loops.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ghk-cu-7340824-1", "compoundIds": [ "ghk-cu" ], "referenceId": "pmid-7340824", "pmid": "7340824", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Albumin–peptide equilibrium-dialysis system", "text": "Lau et al. measured about 42% of Cu(II) bound to glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine at equimolar albumin and peptide concentrations in an in-vitro equilibrium-dialysis system.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ghk-cu-2244543-1", "compoundIds": [ "ghk-cu" ], "referenceId": "pmid-2244543", "pmid": "2244543", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Ferritin-dependent iron-catalyzed lipid-peroxidation assay", "text": "Miller et al. observed inhibition of iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation by GHK:Cu(II) in vitro only when ferritin was the iron source.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ghk-cu-2244543-2", "compoundIds": [ "ghk-cu" ], "referenceId": "pmid-2244543", "pmid": "2244543", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Ferritin iron-release assay", "text": "Miller et al. observed inhibition of ferritin iron release by GHK:Cu(II) in an in-vitro assay.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ghk-cu-2244543-3", "compoundIds": [ "ghk-cu" ], "referenceId": "pmid-2244543", "pmid": "2244543", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Superoxide-dismutase-like and ceruloplasmin-like activity assays", "text": "Miller et al. did not detect significant superoxide-dismutase-like or ceruloplasmin-like activity for GHK:Cu(II) in the in-vitro assays.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-tirzepatide-30473097-1", "compoundIds": [ "tirzepatide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-30473097", "pmid": "30473097", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Cell lines expressing recombinant or endogenous incretin receptors", "text": "Coskun et al. observed activation of both GIP and GLP-1 receptor signaling by LY3298176 in in-vitro cell-line assays expressing recombinant or endogenous incretin receptors.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-tirzepatide-32730231-1", "compoundIds": [ "tirzepatide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-32730231", "pmid": "32730231", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "GLP-1 receptor signaling assays", "text": "Willard et al. observed tirzepatide signaling biased toward cAMP generation over β-arrestin recruitment at the GLP-1 receptor in in-vitro signaling assays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-tirzepatide-30473097-2", "compoundIds": [ "tirzepatide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-30473097", "pmid": "30473097", "model": "animal", "system": "Mice", "text": "Coskun et al. observed glucose-dependent insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance through both GIP and GLP-1 receptors in mice exposed to LY3298176.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-bpc-157-21030672-1", "compoundIds": [ "bpc-157" ], "referenceId": "pmid-21030672", "pmid": "21030672", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat Achilles tendon explants", "text": "Chang et al. observed significantly accelerated fibroblast outgrowth from rat Achilles tendon explants cultured with BPC 157 in vitro.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-bpc-157-21030672-2", "compoundIds": [ "bpc-157" ], "referenceId": "pmid-21030672", "pmid": "21030672", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts", "text": "Chang et al. found no direct effect of BPC 157 on proliferation of cultured rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts in an MTT assay.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-bpc-157-21030672-3", "compoundIds": [ "bpc-157" ], "referenceId": "pmid-21030672", "pmid": "21030672", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts under hydrogen-peroxide stress", "text": "Chang et al. observed significantly increased survival of cultured rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts exposed to BPC 157 under hydrogen-peroxide stress.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-bpc-157-21030672-4", "compoundIds": [ "bpc-157" ], "referenceId": "pmid-21030672", "pmid": "21030672", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts", "text": "Chang et al. observed increased migration of cultured rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts exposed to BPC 157 in a transwell filter migration assay.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-bpc-157-21030672-5", "compoundIds": [ "bpc-157" ], "referenceId": "pmid-21030672", "pmid": "21030672", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts", "text": "Chang et al. observed increased FAK and paxillin phosphorylation with unchanged total protein amounts in cultured rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts exposed to BPC 157.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-thymosin-beta-4-26962108-1", "compoundIds": [ "thymosin-beta-4" ], "referenceId": "pmid-26962108", "pmid": "26962108", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Thymosin-β4, meprin-α and prolyl oligopeptidase enzymatic assay", "text": "The study observed Ac-SDKP release when thymosin-β4 was incubated with both meprin-α and prolyl oligopeptidase, but no release with either enzyme alone in an in-vitro enzymatic assay.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-thymosin-beta-4-26962108-2", "compoundIds": [ "thymosin-beta-4" ], "referenceId": "pmid-26962108", "pmid": "26962108", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat kidney homogenates", "text": "In rat kidney homogenates, the study reported significant Ac-SDKP release from thymosin-β4 that was blocked by the meprin-α inhibitor actinonin.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-thymosin-beta-4-15037553-1", "compoundIds": [ "thymosin-beta-4" ], "referenceId": "pmid-15037553", "pmid": "15037553", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Kidney cortex homogenates", "text": "In kidney cortex homogenates, the study observed time-dependent Ac-SDKP generation in the presence of exogenous thymosin-beta4 and significant inhibition of that generation by prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-thymosin-beta-4-23739235-1", "compoundIds": [ "thymosin-beta-4" ], "referenceId": "pmid-23739235", "pmid": "23739235", "model": "animal", "system": "Wild-type mice following unilateral ureteral obstruction", "text": "In wild-type mice following unilateral ureteral obstruction, the study reported reduced late fibrosis with Tβ4 alone and increased fibrosis when Tβ4 was combined with a prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-thymosin-beta-4-23739235-2", "compoundIds": [ "thymosin-beta-4" ], "referenceId": "pmid-23739235", "pmid": "23739235", "model": "animal", "system": "PAI-1 knockout mice following unilateral ureteral obstruction", "text": "In PAI-1 knockout mice following unilateral ureteral obstruction, the study reported that both the profibrotic effects of Tβ4 plus prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition and the late reparative effects of Tβ4 alone were absent.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ghrp-6-9849822-1", "compoundIds": [ "ghrp-6" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9849822", "pmid": "9849822", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Primary rat pituitary cells", "text": "In primary rat pituitary cells, the study reported GHRP-6-associated growth hormone release with an assay-specific Emax of 100%.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ghrp-6-9849822-2", "compoundIds": [ "ghrp-6" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9849822", "pmid": "9849822", "model": "animal", "system": "Swine", "text": "In swine, the study observed increased plasma ACTH and cortisol after GHRP-6 administration.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ghrp-6-9849822-3", "compoundIds": [ "ghrp-6" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9849822", "pmid": "9849822", "model": "animal", "system": "Swine", "text": "In swine, the study reported no change in plasma FSH, LH, PRL or TSH with the tested GH secretagogues, which included GHRP-6.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ghrp-6-34417468-1", "compoundIds": [ "ghrp-6" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34417468", "pmid": "34417468", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Gq-coupled ghrelin receptor cryo-electron microscopy preparation", "text": "Using a Gq-coupled ghrelin receptor preparation, the study reported a cryo-electron microscopy structure with the synthetic agonist GHRP-6 bound to the receptor.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ghrp-6-34417468-2", "compoundIds": [ "ghrp-6" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34417468", "pmid": "34417468", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Gq-coupled ghrelin receptor cryo-electron microscopy complex", "text": "In a Gq-coupled ghrelin receptor cryo-electron microscopy complex, the study observed the GHRP-6 C-terminus inserting into the helix bundle and its N-terminus facing the extracellular vestibule.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-sermorelin-2856874-1", "compoundIds": [ "sermorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-2856874", "pmid": "2856874", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat anterior pituitary primary cells", "text": "In rat anterior pituitary primary cells, the study reported growth hormone release with hpGRF-29 and a minimal effective concentration of 0.4 × 10^-15 M.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-sermorelin-2856874-2", "compoundIds": [ "sermorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-2856874", "pmid": "2856874", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat anterior pituitary primary cells", "text": "In rat anterior pituitary primary cells, the study observed no stimulation of LH, FSH or PRL by hpGRF-29.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ara-290-29026145-1", "compoundIds": [ "ara-290" ], "referenceId": "pmid-29026145", "pmid": "29026145", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "LPS-activated mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages", "text": "Using LPS-activated mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages, the study reported that cibinetide-associated inhibition of NF-κB p65 activity depended on CD131 and functional JAK2.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-ara-290-30127368-1", "compoundIds": [ "ara-290" ], "referenceId": "pmid-30127368", "pmid": "30127368", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Extracellular erythropoietin receptor and β-common receptor biophysical assays", "text": "In biophysical assays of extracellular erythropoietin receptor and β-common receptor regions conducted with and without ARA290, the study found no specific association between the two receptor regions.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ara-290-21873879-1", "compoundIds": [ "ara-290" ], "referenceId": "pmid-21873879", "pmid": "21873879", "model": "animal", "system": "Rats with neuropathic pain after spared nerve injury", "text": "In rats with neuropathic pain after spared nerve injury, the study observed reduced tactile and cold allodynia for as long as 15 weeks with ARA290 (P < 0.001 versus vehicle; n = 8/group).", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ara-290-21873879-2", "compoundIds": [ "ara-290" ], "referenceId": "pmid-21873879", "pmid": "21873879", "model": "animal", "system": "β-common-receptor-deficient mice with neuropathic pain after spared nerve injury", "text": "In β-common-receptor-deficient mice with neuropathic pain after spared nerve injury, the study observed no effect of ARA290 on allodynia (n = 8/group).", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ara-290-29026145-2", "compoundIds": [ "ara-290" ], "referenceId": "pmid-29026145", "pmid": "29026145", "model": "animal", "system": "C57BL/6 N mice with dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis", "text": "In C57BL/6 N mice with dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis, the study reported improved weight gain and survival with cibinetide, along with preserved tissue integrity and reduced myeloid-cell infiltration.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-kpv-12750433-1", "compoundIds": [ "kpv" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12750433", "pmid": "12750433", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Macrophage activation assays measuring KC and interleukin-1β release", "text": "In macrophage activation assays measuring KC and interleukin-1β release, the study found no inhibition by KPV.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-kpv-12750433-2", "compoundIds": [ "kpv" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12750433", "pmid": "12750433", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Macrophage cAMP assays", "text": "In macrophage cAMP assays, the study observed no increase in cAMP with KPV.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-kpv-12750433-3", "compoundIds": [ "kpv" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12750433", "pmid": "12750433", "model": "animal", "system": "Mice with crystal-induced peritonitis", "text": "In mice with crystal-induced peritonitis, the study reported significantly reduced accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity following KPV exposure.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-kpv-12750433-4", "compoundIds": [ "kpv" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12750433", "pmid": "12750433", "model": "animal", "system": "Mice with crystal-induced peritonitis", "text": "In mice with crystal-induced peritonitis, the study reported that MC3/4 receptor antagonism with SHU9119 did not block the antimigratory effect of KPV.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-pe-22-28-28955242-1", "compoundIds": [ "pe-22-28" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28955242", "pmid": "28955242", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "hTREK-1-expressing HEK cells studied by patch clamp", "text": "In hTREK-1-expressing HEK cells studied by patch clamp, the study abstract reported a PE 22-28 IC50 of 0.12 nM for TREK-1 channel inhibition.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-pe-22-28-28955242-2", "compoundIds": [ "pe-22-28" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28955242", "pmid": "28955242", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Mouse cortical neurons", "text": "In mouse cortical neurons, the study reported increased PSD-95 expression with PE 22-28 and its derivatives.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-pe-22-28-28955242-3", "compoundIds": [ "pe-22-28" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28955242", "pmid": "28955242", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "HEK cells expressing hTREK-2, hTRAAK, hTRESK or hTASK-1 channels", "text": "In HEK cells expressing hTREK-2, hTRAAK, hTRESK or hTASK-1 channels, the study observed no change in channel currents with PE 22-28.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-orforglipron-39693407-1", "compoundIds": [ "orforglipron" ], "referenceId": "pmid-39693407", "pmid": "39693407", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Competition binding assays at the human GLP-1 receptor with radiolabeled GLP-1 or orforglipron", "text": "In competition binding assays at the human GLP-1 receptor using radiolabeled GLP-1 or orforglipron, the study reported an inhibition constant (Ki) of 1 nM for orforglipron.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-orforglipron-39693407-2", "compoundIds": [ "orforglipron" ], "referenceId": "pmid-39693407", "pmid": "39693407", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human GLP-1 receptor signal-transduction assays", "text": "In human GLP-1 receptor signal-transduction assays, the study measured low intrinsic effector activation and negligible β-arrestin recruitment by orforglipron.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-orforglipron-33177239-1", "compoundIds": [ "orforglipron" ], "referenceId": "pmid-33177239", "pmid": "33177239", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "GLP-1 receptor signaling assays", "text": "In GLP-1 receptor signaling assays, the study reported that LY3502970 was a partial agonist biased toward G protein activation over β-arrestin recruitment.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-orforglipron-33177239-2", "compoundIds": [ "orforglipron" ], "referenceId": "pmid-33177239", "pmid": "33177239", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Active-state GLP-1 receptor structural preparation", "text": "Using an active-state GLP-1 receptor structural preparation, the study identified a LY3502970 binding pocket involving the extracellular domain, extracellular loop 2 and transmembrane helices 1, 2, 3 and 7.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-orforglipron-39693407-3", "compoundIds": [ "orforglipron" ], "referenceId": "pmid-39693407", "pmid": "39693407", "model": "animal", "system": "Mice expressing the human GLP-1 receptor during glucose tolerance testing", "text": "In mice expressing the human GLP-1 receptor during glucose tolerance testing, the study observed a full biological response to orforglipron despite low predicted receptor occupancy.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-matrixyl-25143811-1", "compoundIds": [ "matrixyl" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25143811", "pmid": "25143811", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Dermal skin extract and whole-skin homogenate from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice", "text": "In dermal skin extract and whole-skin homogenate from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice, the study measured pal-KTTKS remaining fractions of 9.7% after 120 min and 11.2% after 60 min, respectively.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-matrixyl-25143811-2", "compoundIds": [ "matrixyl" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25143811", "pmid": "25143811", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Epidermal skin extract from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice", "text": "In epidermal skin extract from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice, the study observed pal-KTTKS concentrations remaining approximately similar to the initial concentration throughout a 120-min incubation.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-matrixyl-25143811-3", "compoundIds": [ "matrixyl" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25143811", "pmid": "25143811", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Dermal skin extract and whole-skin homogenate from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice", "text": "In dermal skin extract and whole-skin homogenate from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice, the study reported significantly improved pal-KTTKS stability with protease inhibitors, while thimerosal showed no substantial protective effect.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-matrixyl-25143811-4", "compoundIds": [ "matrixyl" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25143811", "pmid": "25143811", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Franz diffusion cells with full-thickness skin from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice", "text": "In Franz diffusion cells with full-thickness skin from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice, the study reported a trace pal-KTTKS signal in receptor solution after 24 h that remained below the assay quantitation limit.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-dsip-568769-1", "compoundIds": [ "dsip" ], "referenceId": "pmid-568769", "pmid": "568769", "model": "animal", "system": "Rabbit neocortex and limbic cortex", "text": "Schoenenberger et al. reported a mean 35% increase in EEG delta activity in the neocortex and limbic cortex of rabbits receiving synthetic DSIP compared with control rabbits receiving a CSF-like solution.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-melanotan-ii-12750433-1", "compoundIds": [ "melanotan-ii" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12750433", "pmid": "12750433", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Macrophage cultures", "text": "Getting et al. reported that MTII inhibited KC and interleukin-1beta release in macrophage cultures.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-melanotan-ii-12750433-2", "compoundIds": [ "melanotan-ii" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12750433", "pmid": "12750433", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Macrophage cultures", "text": "Getting et al. observed increased cAMP accumulation in macrophage cultures exposed to MTII, and the increase was attenuated by SHU9119.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-melanotan-ii-12750433-3", "compoundIds": [ "melanotan-ii" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12750433", "pmid": "12750433", "model": "animal", "system": "Mouse crystal-induced peritonitis model", "text": "Getting et al. reported a significant reduction in polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in the peritoneal cavity of mice in a crystal-induced peritonitis model that included MTII.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-pt-141-34433901-1", "compoundIds": [ "pt-141" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34433901", "pmid": "34433901", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "MC4R-Gs receptor complex", "text": "Zhang et al. reported a high-resolution structure of full-length MC4R in complex with heterotrimeric Gs protein and bremelanotide in vitro.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-cagrilintide-40204768-1", "compoundIds": [ "cagrilintide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-40204768", "pmid": "40204768", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human AMY1R, AMY2R, AMY3R and CTR complexes", "text": "Cao et al. reported structures of cagrilintide bound to active human CTR, AMY1R, AMY2R and AMY3R complexes with Gs, with consensus-map resolutions of 2.2, 2.2, 2.7 and 3.0 angstroms, respectively, in vitro.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-cagrilintide-40609154-1", "compoundIds": [ "cagrilintide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-40609154", "pmid": "40609154", "model": "animal", "system": "Chow-fed 129S2/SvEv-background wild-type and RAMP1/3 knockout male mice", "text": "Carvas et al. observed significantly higher cFos signals in the area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract and lateral parabrachial nucleus of chow-fed 129S2/SvEv-background wild-type male mice exposed to cagrilintide than in vehicle controls, while cagrilintide did not significantly activate these regions in RAMP1/3 knockout mice.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-cagrilintide-40609154-2", "compoundIds": [ "cagrilintide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-40609154", "pmid": "40609154", "model": "animal", "system": "High-fat-diet 129S2/SvEv-background male mouse metabolic model", "text": "Carvas et al. observed reduced body weight in 129S2/SvEv-background wild-type male mice exposed to cagrilintide in a prolonged high-fat-diet metabolic model, while RAMP1/3 knockout littermates had no body-weight response.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-cagrilintide-40609154-3", "compoundIds": [ "cagrilintide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-40609154", "pmid": "40609154", "model": "animal", "system": "High-fat-diet 129S2/SvEv-background male mouse metabolic model", "text": "Carvas et al. reported that cagrilintide did not significantly alter gene expression in the dorsal vagal complex or lateral parabrachial nucleus of 129S2/SvEv-background wild-type male mice in the high-fat-diet metabolic model.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-cagrilintide-40609154-4", "compoundIds": [ "cagrilintide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-40609154", "pmid": "40609154", "model": "animal", "system": "High-fat-diet 129S2/SvEv-background male mouse metabolic model", "text": "Carvas et al. reported that changes in body composition in 129S2/SvEv-background wild-type male mice exposed to cagrilintide did not reach statistical significance relative to vehicle controls in the high-fat-diet metabolic model; fat mass decreased by 7% (P = 0.2) and lean mass increased by 5% (P = 0.14).", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-survodutide-36356832-1", "compoundIds": [ "survodutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-36356832", "pmid": "36356832", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "CHO-K1 cells expressing human GLP-1R or GCGR", "text": "Zimmermann et al. measured functional EC50 values of 0.33 nM at human GLP-1R and 0.52 nM at human GCGR for BI 456906 in CHO-K1 cell assays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-survodutide-36356832-2", "compoundIds": [ "survodutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-36356832", "pmid": "36356832", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Primary mouse, rat, cynomolgus monkey and human hepatocytes", "text": "Zimmermann et al. observed activation of endogenous GCGR by BI 456906 in primary mouse, rat, cynomolgus monkey and human hepatocyte cAMP assays and inhibition of glycogen synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-survodutide-36356832-3", "compoundIds": [ "survodutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-36356832", "pmid": "36356832", "model": "animal", "system": "Male C57BL/6NRj mouse and male beagle dog pharmacokinetic models", "text": "Zimmermann et al. reported mean residence times of 44 hours in male C57BL/6NRj mice and 140 hours in male beagle dogs for BI 456906, with times to maximum concentration of 7 and 51 hours, respectively.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-survodutide-38560764-1", "compoundIds": [ "survodutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-38560764", "pmid": "38560764", "model": "animal", "system": "Lean mouse glucose-tolerance model", "text": "Thomas et al. reported that survodutide produced a glucose-tolerance area under the curve of 54% relative to vehicle in lean mice.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-survodutide-38560764-2", "compoundIds": [ "survodutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-38560764", "pmid": "38560764", "model": "animal", "system": "Diet-induced obese mouse model", "text": "Thomas et al. reported a 25% reduction in body weight from baseline with survodutide in diet-induced obese mice.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-melanotan-i-6777774-1", "compoundIds": [ "melanotan-i" ], "referenceId": "pmid-6777774", "pmid": "6777774", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Frog skin bioassay", "text": "Sawyer et al. reported prolonged biological activity of synthetic [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH in a frog skin bioassay.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-melanotan-i-6777774-2", "compoundIds": [ "melanotan-i" ], "referenceId": "pmid-6777774", "pmid": "6777774", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Serum enzyme degradation assay", "text": "Sawyer et al. found that [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH was resistant to enzymatic degradation by serum enzymes in vitro.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-melanotan-i-9287296-1", "compoundIds": [ "melanotan-i" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9287296", "pmid": "9287296", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human MC1R site-directed mutants", "text": "Yang et al. reported that mutation of human MC1R residues Glu94, Asp117 or Asp121 significantly altered the binding affinity and potency of NDP-MSH in receptor assays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-melanotan-i-34433901-1", "compoundIds": [ "melanotan-i" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34433901", "pmid": "34433901", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "MC4R-Gs receptor complex", "text": "Zhang et al. reported a high-resolution structure of full-length MC4R in complex with heterotrimeric Gs protein and afamelanotide in vitro.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-melanotan-i-34453129-1", "compoundIds": [ "melanotan-i" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34453129", "pmid": "34453129", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "MC1R-Gs receptor complex", "text": "Ma et al. reported a cryo-electron microscopy structure of an MC1R-Gs complex bound to afamelanotide in vitro.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-melanotan-i-34561620-1", "compoundIds": [ "melanotan-i" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34561620", "pmid": "34561620", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human MC4R-Gs receptor complex", "text": "Heyder et al. reported a cryo-electron microscopy structure of human wild-type MC4R-Gs bound to NDP-alpha-MSH at 2.9 angstrom resolution in vitro.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-melanotan-i-6777774-3", "compoundIds": [ "melanotan-i" ], "referenceId": "pmid-6777774", "pmid": "6777774", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Mouse melanoma cell biochemical assays", "text": "Sawyer et al. reported activation of adenylate cyclase and stimulation of tyrosinase activity in mouse melanoma cell assays with [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-p021-25046994-1", "compoundIds": [ "p021" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25046994", "pmid": "25046994", "model": "animal", "system": "Female 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer disease", "text": "Kazim et al. observed significantly reduced abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation and accumulation at major Alzheimer-associated sites in female 3xTg-AD mice exposed to P021.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-p021-25046994-2", "compoundIds": [ "p021" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25046994", "pmid": "25046994", "model": "animal", "system": "Female 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer disease", "text": "Kazim et al. reported a significant decrease in soluble amyloid-beta levels with P021 in female 3xTg-AD mice, with only a trend toward reduced plaque load in the hippocampal CA1 region.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-p021-39592934-1", "compoundIds": [ "p021" ], "referenceId": "pmid-39592934", "pmid": "39592934", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "SH-CDKL5-KO human neuronal model of CDKL5 deficiency disorder", "text": "Mottolese et al. reported that P021 restored deficits in neuronal proliferation, survival and maturation and alterations in GSK3beta signaling in SH-CDKL5-KO cells, a human neuronal model of CDKL5 deficiency disorder.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-p021-39592934-2", "compoundIds": [ "p021" ], "referenceId": "pmid-39592934", "pmid": "39592934", "model": "animal", "system": "Young and adult male Cdkl5 knockout mouse model of CDKL5 deficiency disorder, C57BL/6N background backcrossed in C57BL/6J", "text": "Mottolese et al. found that P021 failed to increase BDNF levels and did not restore neuroanatomical defects in young and adult male Cdkl5 knockout mice from a C57BL/6N background backcrossed in C57BL/6J for three generations, with very few effects on behavioral performance.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-ipamorelin-9849822-1", "compoundIds": [ "ipamorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9849822", "pmid": "9849822", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Primary rat pituitary cells", "text": "Raun et al. measured ipamorelin-induced GH release with a reported potency of 1.3 +/- 0.4 nmol/L in primary rat pituitary cells.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ipamorelin-9849822-2", "compoundIds": [ "ipamorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9849822", "pmid": "9849822", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Primary rat pituitary cells", "text": "Raun et al. reported antagonist-profiling results consistent with ipamorelin-induced GH release through a GHRP-like receptor in primary rat pituitary cells.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ipamorelin-9849822-3", "compoundIds": [ "ipamorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9849822", "pmid": "9849822", "model": "animal", "system": "Conscious swine", "text": "Raun et al. observed no change in FSH, LH, PRL or TSH plasma levels among the tested GH secretagogues, including ipamorelin, in swine.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ipamorelin-21298258-1", "compoundIds": [ "ipamorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-21298258", "pmid": "21298258", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human urine in a liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry assay", "text": "Thomas et al. reported extraction and liquid-chromatographic mass-spectrometric detection of ipamorelin among the peptides analyzed in human urine.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-cjc-1295-15817669-1", "compoundIds": [ "cjc-1295" ], "referenceId": "pmid-15817669", "pmid": "15817669", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Albumin-conjugated hGRF derivatives and cultured rat anterior pituitary cells", "text": "Jetté et al. reported increased stability against dipeptidylpeptidase-IV and GH-secretion activity for albumin-conjugated derivatives, including CJC-1295, in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-cjc-1295-15817669-2", "compoundIds": [ "cjc-1295" ], "referenceId": "pmid-15817669", "pmid": "15817669", "model": "animal", "system": "Male Sprague Dawley rats", "text": "Jetté et al. detected CJC-1295 in plasma beyond 72 h in male Sprague Dawley rats.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-cjc-1295-15817669-3", "compoundIds": [ "cjc-1295" ], "referenceId": "pmid-15817669", "pmid": "15817669", "model": "animal", "system": "Rat plasma in Western blot analysis", "text": "Jetté et al. detected CJC-1295 immunoreactivity at the serum-albumin band in rat plasma, appearing after 15 min and remaining in circulation beyond 24 h.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-cjc-1295-16822960-1", "compoundIds": [ "cjc-1295" ], "referenceId": "pmid-16822960", "pmid": "16822960", "model": "animal", "system": "GHRH-knockout mice", "text": "Alba et al. reported increased total pituitary RNA and GH mRNA in GHRH-knockout mice receiving CJC-1295.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-mots-c-25738459-1", "compoundIds": [ "mots-c" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25738459", "pmid": "25738459", "model": "animal", "system": "Mice with age-dependent or high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance", "text": "Lee et al. reported that MOTS-c prevented age-dependent and high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance in mice.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-mots-c-25738459-2", "compoundIds": [ "mots-c" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25738459", "pmid": "25738459", "model": "animal", "system": "Mice in a diet-induced obesity model", "text": "Lee et al. reported prevention of diet-induced obesity in mice in the MOTS-c experiment.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-exenatide-1313797-1", "compoundIds": [ "exenatide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-1313797", "pmid": "1313797", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Heloderma suspectum venom in an amino-acid sequencing assay", "text": "Eng et al. reported isolation of the 39-amino-acid peptide exendin-4 from Heloderma suspectum venom using an amino-acid sequencing assay.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-exenatide-1313797-2", "compoundIds": [ "exenatide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-1313797", "pmid": "1313797", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Dispersed guinea pig pancreatic acini", "text": "Eng et al. reported a monophasic cAMP increase beginning at 100 pM and reaching a plateau at 10 nM for natural and synthetic exendin-4 in dispersed guinea pig pancreatic acini.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-exenatide-1313797-3", "compoundIds": [ "exenatide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-1313797", "pmid": "1313797", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Dispersed guinea pig pancreatic acini", "text": "Eng et al. observed no amylase release or inhibition of radiolabeled vasoactive-intestinal-peptide binding with exendin-4 in dispersed guinea pig pancreatic acini.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-exenatide-1313797-4", "compoundIds": [ "exenatide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-1313797", "pmid": "1313797", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Dispersed guinea pig pancreatic acini", "text": "Eng et al. reported progressive inhibition of the exendin-4-induced cAMP increase by the exendin-receptor antagonist in dispersed guinea pig pancreatic acini.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-liraglutide-25202980-1", "compoundIds": [ "liraglutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25202980", "pmid": "25202980", "model": "animal", "system": "Rats in neural GLP-1 receptor experiments", "text": "Secher et al. found that liraglutide-associated body-weight reduction in rats did not depend on GLP-1 receptors in the vagus nerve, area postrema or paraventricular nucleus.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-liraglutide-25202980-2", "compoundIds": [ "liraglutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25202980", "pmid": "25202980", "model": "animal", "system": "Mice in fluorescent-liraglutide brain-localization experiments", "text": "Secher et al. detected fluorescently labeled liraglutide in circumventricular organs and bound to arcuate-nucleus neurons and other discrete hypothalamic sites in mice.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-liraglutide-25202980-3", "compoundIds": [ "liraglutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25202980", "pmid": "25202980", "model": "animal", "system": "Glp1r-knockout mice", "text": "Secher et al. observed no brain binding of labeled liraglutide in Glp1r-knockout mice.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-liraglutide-25202980-4", "compoundIds": [ "liraglutide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25202980", "pmid": "25202980", "model": "animal", "system": "Mouse arcuate-nucleus POMC/CART neurons", "text": "Secher et al. found that liraglutide was internalized in arcuate-nucleus neurons expressing POMC and CART in mice.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-pralmorelin-14763922-1", "compoundIds": [ "pralmorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-14763922", "pmid": "14763922", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Ovine somatotropes", "text": "In ovine somatotropes, the study reported time-dependent increases in GH mRNA and GH release after GHRP-2 exposure from 0.5 to 2 h.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-pralmorelin-14763922-2", "compoundIds": [ "pralmorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-14763922", "pmid": "14763922", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Ovine somatotropes", "text": "In ovine somatotropes, the study reported increased Pit-1, GHRH-R and GHS-R mRNA after 0.5 h of GHRP-2 exposure.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-pralmorelin-14763922-3", "compoundIds": [ "pralmorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-14763922", "pmid": "14763922", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Ovine somatotropes", "text": "In ovine somatotropes, the study reported inhibited sst-1 and sst-2 mRNA expression after 0.5–2 h of GHRP-2 exposure.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-examorelin-11988484-1", "compoundIds": [ "examorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-11988484", "pmid": "11988484", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Isolated perfused hearts, species not specified in the abstract", "text": "In isolated perfused hearts whose species was not specified in the abstract, the study observed increased coronary perfusion pressure with hexarelin.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-examorelin-11988484-2", "compoundIds": [ "examorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-11988484", "pmid": "11988484", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Isolated hearts from CD36-null mice", "text": "In isolated hearts from CD36-null mice, the study observed no hexarelin-associated increase in coronary perfusion pressure.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-examorelin-15176951-1", "compoundIds": [ "examorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-15176951", "pmid": "15176951", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "CD36 covalent photolabeling and cleavage assays", "text": "Using CD36 covalent photolabeling and cleavage assays, the study identified an 8 kDa fragment spanning Asn132-Glu177 as the hexarelin-binding site.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-examorelin-15176951-2", "compoundIds": [ "examorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-15176951", "pmid": "15176951", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "CD36 photoligand-receptor complex CNBr cleavage assay", "text": "Using a CD36 photoligand-receptor complex CNBr cleavage assay, the study observed free-ligand release and suggested Met169 as the ligand contact point.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-octanoyl-ghrelin-10604470-1", "compoundIds": [ "octanoyl-ghrelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-10604470", "pmid": "10604470", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat stomach peptide purification and identification", "text": "Using rat stomach peptide purification and identification, the study identified a 28-amino-acid GHS-R ligand with serine 3 n-octanoylation.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-octanoyl-ghrelin-34417468-1", "compoundIds": [ "octanoyl-ghrelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34417468", "pmid": "34417468", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Gq-coupled ghrelin receptor cryo-electron microscopy preparation", "text": "Using a Gq-coupled ghrelin receptor cryo-electron microscopy preparation, the study reported a ghrelin-bound receptor structure.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-octanoyl-ghrelin-34417468-2", "compoundIds": [ "octanoyl-ghrelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34417468", "pmid": "34417468", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Gq-coupled ghrelin receptor structural and mutational assays", "text": "Using Gq-coupled ghrelin receptor structural and mutational assays, the study identified an octanoyl-group binding pocket that positioned the peptide for receptor activation.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-octanoyl-ghrelin-39128804-1", "compoundIds": [ "octanoyl-ghrelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-39128804", "pmid": "39128804", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "GHSR dynamic mass redistribution and calcium mobilization assays", "text": "Using GHSR dynamic mass redistribution and calcium mobilization assays, the study reported ghrelin as a potent full agonist.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-macimorelin-40542284-1", "compoundIds": [ "macimorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-40542284", "pmid": "40542284", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Gq-coupled GHSR cryo-electron microscopy preparation", "text": "Using a Gq-coupled GHSR cryo-electron microscopy preparation, the study reported the macimorelin-bound structure at 2.63 Å resolution.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-macimorelin-40542284-2", "compoundIds": [ "macimorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-40542284", "pmid": "40542284", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Macimorelin-bound Gq-coupled GHSR structural preparation", "text": "Using a macimorelin-bound Gq-coupled GHSR structural preparation, the study identified a bifurcated ligand-binding pocket divided by the conserved E1243.33-R2836.55 salt bridge.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-macimorelin-12646029-1", "compoundIds": [ "macimorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12646029", "pmid": "12646029", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human pituitary GHS receptor and hGHS-R 1a binding assays", "text": "Using human pituitary GHS receptor and hGHS-R 1a binding assays, the study reported high potency for compound 7, JMV 1843.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-anamorelin-40542284-1", "compoundIds": [ "anamorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-40542284", "pmid": "40542284", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Gq-coupled GHSR cryo-electron microscopy preparation", "text": "Using a Gq-coupled GHSR cryo-electron microscopy preparation, the study reported the anamorelin-bound structure at 2.52 Å resolution.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-anamorelin-40542284-2", "compoundIds": [ "anamorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-40542284", "pmid": "40542284", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Anamorelin-bound Gq-coupled GHSR structural preparation", "text": "Using an anamorelin-bound Gq-coupled GHSR structural preparation, the study identified a bifurcated ligand-binding pocket divided by the conserved E1243.33-R2836.55 salt bridge.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-anamorelin-39833471-1", "compoundIds": [ "anamorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-39833471", "pmid": "39833471", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Ghrelin receptor-miniGq structural preparation", "text": "Using a ghrelin receptor-miniGq structural preparation, the study reported an anamorelin-bound receptor structure.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-anamorelin-39128804-1", "compoundIds": [ "anamorelin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-39128804", "pmid": "39128804", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "GHSR dynamic mass redistribution and calcium mobilization assays", "text": "Using GHSR dynamic mass redistribution and calcium mobilization assays, the study reported anamorelin as a potent full agonist.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-alpha-msh-12750433-1", "compoundIds": [ "alpha-msh" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12750433", "pmid": "12750433", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Macrophage KC and interleukin-1β release assay", "text": "Using a macrophage KC and interleukin-1β release assay, the study observed inhibited macrophage activation with alpha-MSH.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-alpha-msh-12750433-2", "compoundIds": [ "alpha-msh" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12750433", "pmid": "12750433", "model": "animal", "system": "Mice with crystal-induced peritonitis", "text": "In mice with crystal-induced peritonitis, the study observed a significant reduction in peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation with alpha-MSH.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-alpha-msh-34453129-1", "compoundIds": [ "alpha-msh" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34453129", "pmid": "34453129", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "α-MSH-bound MC1R-Gs cryo-electron microscopy preparation", "text": "Using an α-MSH-bound MC1R-Gs cryo-electron microscopy preparation, the study identified an orthosteric pocket for the conserved HFRW motif.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-alpha-msh-34453129-2", "compoundIds": [ "alpha-msh" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34453129", "pmid": "34453129", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "α-MSH-bound MC1R-Gs structural preparation", "text": "Using an α-MSH-bound MC1R-Gs structural preparation, the study identified a crucial role for calcium ion in ligand binding.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-alpha-msh-34433901-1", "compoundIds": [ "alpha-msh" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34433901", "pmid": "34433901", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Full-length MC4R-heterotrimeric Gs cryo-electron microscopy preparation", "text": "Using a full-length MC4R-heterotrimeric Gs cryo-electron microscopy preparation, the study reported a receptor complex stimulated by α-MSH.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-setmelanotide-33858992-1", "compoundIds": [ "setmelanotide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-33858992", "pmid": "33858992", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human MC4R-Gs cryo-electron microscopy preparation", "text": "Using a human MC4R-Gs cryo-electron microscopy preparation, the study reported a setmelanotide-bound signaling complex.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-setmelanotide-33858992-2", "compoundIds": [ "setmelanotide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-33858992", "pmid": "33858992", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human MC4R-Gs setmelanotide-bound complex and functional analysis", "text": "Using a human MC4R-Gs setmelanotide-bound complex and functional analysis, the study reported a requirement for calcium in agonist activity.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-setmelanotide-34561620-1", "compoundIds": [ "setmelanotide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34561620", "pmid": "34561620", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "MC4R-Gs cryo-electron microscopy preparation", "text": "Using an MC4R-Gs cryo-electron microscopy preparation, the study reported the setmelanotide-bound complex at 2.6 Å resolution.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-setmelanotide-34561620-2", "compoundIds": [ "setmelanotide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34561620", "pmid": "34561620", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "MC4R-Gs structural preparations and structure-derived mutant signaling assays", "text": "Using MC4R-Gs structural preparations and structure-derived mutant signaling assays, the study identified TM3 interactions and calcium ion as features of setmelanotide ligand recognition.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-shu9119-32327598-1", "compoundIds": [ "shu9119" ], "referenceId": "pmid-32327598", "pmid": "32327598", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human MC4R in a receptor-structure assay", "text": "Yu et al. reported a SHU9119-bound human MC4R structure at 2.8-angstrom resolution.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-shu9119-32327598-2", "compoundIds": [ "shu9119" ], "referenceId": "pmid-32327598", "pmid": "32327598", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human MC4R in a receptor-structure assay", "text": "Yu et al. identified a calcium cofactor coordinated by receptor and peptide-ligand residues in the SHU9119-bound human MC4R structure.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-shu9119-34453129-1", "compoundIds": [ "shu9119" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34453129", "pmid": "34453129", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "MC1R-Gs complexes in a cryo-electron-microscopy assay", "text": "Ma et al. reported a SHU9119-bound MC1R-Gs complex structure by cryo-electron microscopy.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-shu9119-12750433-1", "compoundIds": [ "shu9119" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12750433", "pmid": "12750433", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Macrophages in a cAMP-accumulation assay", "text": "Getting et al. observed that SHU9119 attenuated MTII-induced cAMP accumulation in macrophages.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-shu9119-12750433-2", "compoundIds": [ "shu9119" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12750433", "pmid": "12750433", "model": "animal", "system": "Mice with crystal-induced peritonitis", "text": "Getting et al. observed that SHU9119 did not block the antimigratory effect of KPV in mice with crystal-induced peritonitis.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-thiq-16114870-1", "compoundIds": [ "thiq" ], "referenceId": "pmid-16114870", "pmid": "16114870", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human MC4R mutants in binding and activation assays", "text": "Pogozheva et al. found that the I129A mutation affected THIQ binding and potency at human MC4R in alanine-scanning assays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-thiq-19303903-1", "compoundIds": [ "thiq" ], "referenceId": "pmid-19303903", "pmid": "19303903", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human MC4R/MC2R chimeras in binding and activation assays", "text": "Yang et al. found no significant change in THIQ binding affinity or potency after replacing human MC4R transmembrane regions 2, 4, 5, or 6 with the homologous MC2R regions.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-thiq-19303903-2", "compoundIds": [ "thiq" ], "referenceId": "pmid-19303903", "pmid": "19303903", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human MC4R mutants in binding assays", "text": "Yang et al. identified E100, D122, D126, F254, W258, F261, and H264 as residues important for THIQ binding in human MC4R mutagenesis assays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-thiq-34433901-1", "compoundIds": [ "thiq" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34433901", "pmid": "34433901", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "MC4R-Gs complexes in a receptor-structure assay", "text": "Zhang et al. reported a THIQ-stimulated full-length MC4R complex with the heterotrimeric Gs protein.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ac-sdkp-26962108-1", "compoundIds": [ "ac-sdkp" ], "referenceId": "pmid-26962108", "pmid": "26962108", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Thymosin beta-4 with meprin-alpha and prolyl oligopeptidase", "text": "Kumar et al. observed Ac-SDKP release when thymosin beta-4 was incubated with both meprin-alpha and prolyl oligopeptidase in a cell-free enzyme assay.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ac-sdkp-26962108-2", "compoundIds": [ "ac-sdkp" ], "referenceId": "pmid-26962108", "pmid": "26962108", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Thymosin beta-4 with individual peptidases", "text": "Kumar et al. observed no Ac-SDKP release when thymosin beta-4 was incubated with either meprin-alpha or prolyl oligopeptidase alone in a cell-free enzyme assay.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ac-sdkp-26962108-3", "compoundIds": [ "ac-sdkp" ], "referenceId": "pmid-26962108", "pmid": "26962108", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat kidney homogenates", "text": "Kumar et al. found that actinonin blocked Ac-SDKP release from thymosin beta-4 in rat kidney homogenates.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ac-sdkp-15037553-1", "compoundIds": [ "ac-sdkp" ], "referenceId": "pmid-15037553", "pmid": "15037553", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Kidney cortex homogenates", "text": "Cavasin et al. observed time-dependent Ac-SDKP generation from thymosin beta-4 in kidney cortex homogenates and significant inhibition of this generation by prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ac-sdkp-23739235-1", "compoundIds": [ "ac-sdkp" ], "referenceId": "pmid-23739235", "pmid": "23739235", "model": "animal", "system": "Wild-type and PAI-1 knockout mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction", "text": "Zuo et al. observed significantly decreased collagen and fibronectin deposition with Ac-SDKP in wild-type and PAI-1 knockout mice with renal fibrosis following unilateral ureteral obstruction.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-ghk-7514608-1", "compoundIds": [ "ghk" ], "referenceId": "pmid-7514608", "pmid": "7514608", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "SPARC in trypsin-digestion and tandem-mass-spectrometry assays", "text": "Lane et al. identified GHK after tryptic cleavage of SPARC by comparing the released peptide with a GHK standard in tandem mass spectrometry.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-ghk-7514608-2", "compoundIds": [ "ghk" ], "referenceId": "pmid-7514608", "pmid": "7514608", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Bovine aortic endothelial cells in a cord-formation assay", "text": "Lane et al. observed little effect of GHK on endothelial cord number in bovine aortic endothelial cultures.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-kttks-8486721-1", "compoundIds": [ "kttks" ], "referenceId": "pmid-8486721", "pmid": "8486721", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Mesenchymal cells in extracellular-matrix production assays", "text": "Katayama et al. identified KTTKS as the minimum propeptide-derived sequence that stimulated collagen and fibronectin production in mesenchymal cells.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-kttks-25143811-1", "compoundIds": [ "kttks" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25143811", "pmid": "25143811", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Skin extracts and homogenates from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice", "text": "Choi et al. measured rapid KTTKS degradation in skin extracts and homogenates from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice using LC-MS/MS.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-kttks-25143811-2", "compoundIds": [ "kttks" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25143811", "pmid": "25143811", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Full-thickness skin from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice in Franz diffusion cells", "text": "Choi et al. detected no KTTKS in the receptor solution beneath full-thickness skin from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice in Franz diffusion-cell experiments.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-kttks-25143811-3", "compoundIds": [ "kttks" ], "referenceId": "pmid-25143811", "pmid": "25143811", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Skin layers from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice", "text": "Choi et al. detected no KTTKS in the sampled skin layers from male CrlOri:SKH1-hr hairless mice by LC-MS/MS.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-amylin-10026261-1", "compoundIds": [ "amylin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-10026261", "pmid": "10026261", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Synthetic amylin 20-29 peptide fragments in aggregation assays", "text": "Moriarty et al. observed that a proline substitution at any position of the synthetic amylin 20-29 fragment inhibited aggregation and amyloid formation.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-amylin-28798389-1", "compoundIds": [ "amylin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28798389", "pmid": "28798389", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "IAPP in thioflavin-T fluorescence assays", "text": "Okada et al. observed that humanin-S14G inhibited IAPP misfolding in cell-free thioflavin-T fluorescence assays.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-amylin-28798389-2", "compoundIds": [ "amylin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28798389", "pmid": "28798389", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "IAPP monomers in EPR and circular-dichroism assays", "text": "Okada et al. found no evidence for binding of humanin-S14G or SHLP2 to IAPP monomers in electron-paramagnetic-resonance and circular-dichroism assays.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-amylin-28970890-1", "compoundIds": [ "amylin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28970890", "pmid": "28970890", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "IAPP variants in ESI-IMS-MS and thioflavin-T fluorescence assays", "text": "Young et al. identified a subpopulation of extended IAPP monomers associated with amyloid assembly using electrospray ionization-ion mobility mass spectrometry and thioflavin-T fluorescence assays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-amylin-28970890-2", "compoundIds": [ "amylin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28970890", "pmid": "28970890", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human wild-type and S20G IAPP with rat IAPP in seeding assays", "text": "Young et al. found that wild-type human IAPP fibrils did not cross-seed rat IAPP fibril formation and that S20G IAPP fibrils did not cross-seed wild-type human or rat IAPP in thioflavin-T assays.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-pramlintide-27665170-1", "compoundIds": [ "pramlintide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-27665170", "pmid": "27665170", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Pramlintide in ion-mobility mass-spectrometry assays", "text": "The study by da Silva et al. observed pramlintide multimer assembly using ion-mobility mass spectrometry.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-pramlintide-27665170-2", "compoundIds": [ "pramlintide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-27665170", "pmid": "27665170", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Pramlintide in cell-free amyloid-formation assays", "text": "The study by da Silva et al. observed pH-dependent pramlintide amyloid-fibril formation using thioflavin-T fluorescence, soluble-peptide quantification, electron microscopy, atomic-force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glp-1-7-36-amide-8100523-1", "compoundIds": [ "glp-1-7-36-amide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-8100523", "pmid": "8100523", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Purified human placental dipeptidyl-peptidase IV assay", "text": "Mentlein et al. reported hydrolysis of GLP-1(7-36)amide to its des-His-Ala derivative by dipeptidyl-peptidase IV purified from human placenta.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glp-1-7-36-amide-8100523-2", "compoundIds": [ "glp-1-7-36-amide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-8100523", "pmid": "8100523", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human serum degradation assay", "text": "Mentlein et al. identified des-His-Ala GLP-1(7-36)amide and His-Ala as major products in human serum incubations, and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors completely abolished production of these fragments.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glp-1-7-36-amide-7556682-1", "compoundIds": [ "glp-1-7-36-amide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-7556682", "pmid": "7556682", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human colon peptide extracts", "text": "Deacon et al. identified GLP-1(7-36)amide in extracts from four human colons by amino-acid sequence analysis and mass spectrometry.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glp-1-7-37-3543057-1", "compoundIds": [ "glp-1-7-37" ], "referenceId": "pmid-3543057", "pmid": "3543057", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Isolated perfused rat pancreas", "text": "Mojsov et al. reported 3- to 10-fold increases over basal insulin secretion with GLP-I(7-37) at concentrations as low as 5 x 10^-11 M in isolated perfused rat pancreas with 6.6 mM glucose.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-gip-1-42-6745415-1", "compoundIds": [ "gip-1-42" ], "referenceId": "pmid-6745415", "pmid": "6745415", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human small-intestinal peptide extracts", "text": "Moody et al. reported isolation of human GIP 1-42 from acid-ethanol extracts of human small intestine and established its full sequence by Edman degradation.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-gip-1-42-8100523-1", "compoundIds": [ "gip-1-42" ], "referenceId": "pmid-8100523", "pmid": "8100523", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Purified human placental dipeptidyl-peptidase IV assay", "text": "Mentlein et al. reported hydrolysis of GIP to its des-Tyr-Ala derivative by dipeptidyl-peptidase IV purified from human placenta.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-gip-1-42-8100523-2", "compoundIds": [ "gip-1-42" ], "referenceId": "pmid-8100523", "pmid": "8100523", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human serum degradation assay", "text": "Mentlein et al. identified des-Tyr-Ala GIP and Tyr-Ala as major degradation products in human serum incubations, and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors completely abolished production of these fragments.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glucagon-32193322-1", "compoundIds": [ "glucagon" ], "referenceId": "pmid-32193322", "pmid": "32193322", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human GCGR-Gs and GCGR-Gi1 receptor complexes", "text": "Qiao et al. reported cryo-electron microscopy structures of human GCGR bound to glucagon with either Gs or Gi1, with both complexes adopting a similar open binding cavity.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glucagon-40385697-1", "compoundIds": [ "glucagon" ], "referenceId": "pmid-40385697", "pmid": "40385697", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Plasma liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay", "text": "Becker et al. validated a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for glucagon in plasma that was linear from 1.3 to 14.7 pM and had imprecision below 13% CV.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glucagon-36356832-1", "compoundIds": [ "glucagon" ], "referenceId": "pmid-36356832", "pmid": "36356832", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "CHO-K1 cells expressing human GCGR", "text": "Zimmermann et al. measured an EC50 of 20 pM for glucagon in CHO-K1 cells expressing human GCGR.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-oxyntomodulin-3189794-1", "compoundIds": [ "oxyntomodulin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-3189794", "pmid": "3189794", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "OXM radioimmunoassay with rabbit antisera", "text": "Blache et al. reported 100% cross-reactivity of C-terminal-directed rabbit antisera with oxyntomodulin and no cross-reactivity with glucagon in a radioimmunoassay.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-oxyntomodulin-40385697-1", "compoundIds": [ "oxyntomodulin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-40385697", "pmid": "40385697", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Plasma liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay", "text": "Becker et al. validated a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for oxyntomodulin in plasma that was linear from 1.1 to 13.7 pM and had imprecision below 13% CV.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-oxyntomodulin-22421924-1", "compoundIds": [ "oxyntomodulin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-22421924", "pmid": "22421924", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "CHO cells expressing mouse GLP1R or GCGR", "text": "Kosinski et al. measured cAMP EC50 values for oxyntomodulin of 2.5 nmol/L at mouse GLP1R and 6.2 nmol/L at mouse GCGR in Chinese hamster ovary cell assays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-oxyntomodulin-22421924-2", "compoundIds": [ "oxyntomodulin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-22421924", "pmid": "22421924", "model": "animal", "system": "Diet-induced obese human-GCGR C57BL/6 mouse model", "text": "Kosinski et al. reported body-weight changes of -9.1 plus or minus 1.2 grams with oxyntomodulin and -0.6 plus or minus 0.3 grams with vehicle in diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice expressing human GCGR (P < 0.05).", "direction": "positive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-humanin-12732850-1", "compoundIds": [ "humanin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12732850", "pmid": "12732850", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Bax and isolated-mitochondria binding assays", "text": "Guo et al. reported that humanin blocked Bax association with isolated mitochondria and suppressed cytochrome c release in vitro.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-humanin-12732850-2", "compoundIds": [ "humanin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12732850", "pmid": "12732850", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Cellular Bax translocation assay", "text": "Guo et al. observed that reducing humanin expression with small interfering RNAs sensitized cultured cells to Bax and increased Bax translocation to membranes.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-humanin-19386761-1", "compoundIds": [ "humanin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-19386761", "pmid": "19386761", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Reconstituted CNTFR, WSX-1 and gp130 binding assay", "text": "Hashimoto et al. observed humanin-induced hetero-oligomerization of CNTFR, WSX-1 and gp130 in reconstituted binding assays in vitro.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-humanin-15465011-1", "compoundIds": [ "humanin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-15465011", "pmid": "15465011", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "CHO cells expressing human FPRL1 or FPRL2", "text": "Harada et al. reported that humanin suppressed forskolin-induced cAMP production in CHO cells expressing human FPRL1 or human FPRL2.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-humanin-15465011-2", "compoundIds": [ "humanin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-15465011", "pmid": "15465011", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "CHO cells expressing human FPRL1", "text": "Harada et al. measured a humanin EC50 of 3.5 nM in CHO cells expressing human FPRL1.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-humanin-37644144-1", "compoundIds": [ "humanin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-37644144", "pmid": "37644144", "model": "computational", "system": "Vertebrate humanin coding-sequence analysis", "text": "Gruschus et al. found strong synonymous codon bias and sequence conservation for humanin in an analysis of vertebrate coding sequences.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hng-23836030-1", "compoundIds": [ "hng" ], "referenceId": "pmid-23836030", "pmid": "23836030", "model": "animal", "system": "Adult male Sprague Dawley rat tissue-distribution model", "text": "Chin et al. reported that after HNG exposure in adult male Sprague Dawley rats, humanin immunoreactivity was highest in plasma, was present in liver and was undetectable in brain or heart by ELISA.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hng-23836030-2", "compoundIds": [ "hng" ], "referenceId": "pmid-23836030", "pmid": "23836030", "model": "animal", "system": "Male wild-type mouse plasma-hormone model", "text": "Chin et al. observed decreases over time in plasma IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels after HNG exposure in male wild-type mice.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hng-28798389-1", "compoundIds": [ "hng" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28798389", "pmid": "28798389", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Cell-free IAPP thioflavin T fluorescence assay", "text": "Okada et al. observed inhibition of IAPP misfolding by HNG at substoichiometric concentrations in a cell-free thioflavin T fluorescence assay.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hng-28798389-2", "compoundIds": [ "hng" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28798389", "pmid": "28798389", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Cell-free IAPP binding and seeding assays", "text": "Okada et al. reported that HNG blocked IAPP amyloid seeding and bound misfolded, seeding-capable IAPP species in fluorescence and co-sedimentation assays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hng-28798389-3", "compoundIds": [ "hng" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28798389", "pmid": "28798389", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Cell-free IAPP electron paramagnetic resonance and circular dichroism assays", "text": "Okada et al. did not detect direct binding of HNG to IAPP monomers under the tested conditions in cell-free electron paramagnetic resonance and circular dichroism assays.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hngf6a-23836030-1", "compoundIds": [ "hngf6a" ], "referenceId": "pmid-23836030", "pmid": "23836030", "model": "animal", "system": "Male wild-type mouse pharmacokinetic model", "text": "Chin et al. reported a longer plasma humanin-immunoreactivity half-life in male wild-type mice receiving HNGF6A than in wild-type mice receiving HNG, as measured by ELISA.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hngf6a-23995290-1", "compoundIds": [ "hngf6a" ], "referenceId": "pmid-23995290", "pmid": "23995290", "model": "animal", "system": "Three-month-old Sprague-Dawley rat hyperglycemic clamp model", "text": "Kuliawat et al. observed a significantly higher glucose infusion rate and higher insulin levels during hyperglycemic clamps in three-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats receiving HNGF6A compared with saline controls.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hngf6a-23995290-2", "compoundIds": [ "hngf6a" ], "referenceId": "pmid-23995290", "pmid": "23995290", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Isolated islets from normal mice", "text": "Kuliawat et al. reported increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion with HNGF6A in isolated islets from normal mice compared with scrambled peptide controls.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hngf6a-23995290-3", "compoundIds": [ "hngf6a" ], "referenceId": "pmid-23995290", "pmid": "23995290", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Isolated islets from diabetic mice", "text": "Kuliawat et al. reported increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion with HNGF6A in isolated islets from diabetic mice compared with scrambled peptide controls.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-epitalon-12937682-1", "compoundIds": [ "epitalon" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12937682", "pmid": "12937682", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Telomerase-negative human fetal fibroblast culture", "text": "Khavinson et al. reported expression of the telomerase catalytic subunit and telomerase enzymatic activity after adding Epithalon to telomerase-negative human fetal fibroblast culture.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-epitalon-12937682-2", "compoundIds": [ "epitalon" ], "referenceId": "pmid-12937682", "pmid": "12937682", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Telomerase-negative human fetal fibroblast culture", "text": "Khavinson et al. reported telomere elongation after adding Epithalon to telomerase-negative human fetal fibroblast culture.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-semax-16996037-1", "compoundIds": [ "semax" ], "referenceId": "pmid-16996037", "pmid": "16996037", "model": "animal", "system": "Rat hippocampus", "text": "Dolotov et al. reported a maximal 1.4-fold increase in BDNF protein levels with Semax in the rat hippocampus.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-semax-16996037-2", "compoundIds": [ "semax" ], "referenceId": "pmid-16996037", "pmid": "16996037", "model": "animal", "system": "Rat hippocampus", "text": "Dolotov et al. reported a 1.6-fold increase in TrkB tyrosine phosphorylation levels with Semax in the rat hippocampus.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-semax-16996037-3", "compoundIds": [ "semax" ], "referenceId": "pmid-16996037", "pmid": "16996037", "model": "animal", "system": "Rat hippocampus", "text": "Dolotov et al. reported 3-fold and 2-fold increases in exon III BDNF and trkB mRNA levels, respectively, with Semax in the rat hippocampus.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-selank-26924987-1", "compoundIds": [ "selank" ], "referenceId": "pmid-26924987", "pmid": "26924987", "model": "animal", "system": "Rat frontal cortex in a real-time PCR assay", "text": "Volkova et al. reported alterations in neurotransmission-related gene expression after Selank in rat frontal cortex using real-time PCR.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-selank-26924987-2", "compoundIds": [ "selank" ], "referenceId": "pmid-26924987", "pmid": "26924987", "model": "animal", "system": "Pooled frontal cortex tissue from male Wistar rats", "text": "Volkova et al. reported changes in 29 of 77 measured genes at 1 hour and 17 of 77 at 3 hours after Selank in pooled frontal cortex tissue from male Wistar rats.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-selank-26924987-3", "compoundIds": [ "selank" ], "referenceId": "pmid-26924987", "pmid": "26924987", "model": "animal", "system": "Pooled frontal cortex tissue from male Wistar rats", "text": "Volkova et al. reported 128.3-fold, 16.1-fold and 13.3-fold increases in Hcrt, Gabre and Gabrq mRNA, respectively, 3 hours after Selank in pooled frontal cortex tissue from male Wistar rats.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp2-28798389-1", "compoundIds": [ "shlp2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28798389", "pmid": "28798389", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Purified IAPP seed co-sedimentation assay", "text": "Using a purified IAPP seed co-sedimentation assay, the study found direct binding of SHLP2 to IAPP seeds.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp2-28798389-2", "compoundIds": [ "shlp2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-28798389", "pmid": "28798389", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Spin-labeled monomeric IAPP EPR spectroscopy assay", "text": "Using a spin-labeled monomeric IAPP EPR spectroscopy assay, the study detected no direct binding interaction with SHLP2 under the tested conditions.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp2-37468558-1", "compoundIds": [ "shlp2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-37468558", "pmid": "37468558", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "CXCR7-expressing CHO-K1 PathHunter β-Arrestin recruitment assay", "text": "Using a CXCR7-expressing CHO-K1 PathHunter β-Arrestin recruitment assay, the study reported a SHLP2 EC50 of 0.9696 µM.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp2-27070352-1", "compoundIds": [ "shlp2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-27070352", "pmid": "27070352", "model": "animal", "system": "Conscious Sprague Dawley rats studied with insulin clamps", "text": "In conscious Sprague Dawley rats studied with insulin clamps (n = 6), the study reported an approximately 50% increase in the glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia with SHLP2.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp2-27070352-2", "compoundIds": [ "shlp2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-27070352", "pmid": "27070352", "model": "animal", "system": "C57BL/6 mouse serum biomarker assays", "text": "In C57BL/6 mice (n = 5), the study observed no SHLP2-associated change in serum insulin, interleukin-6 or MCP-1 levels.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp2-38167865-1", "compoundIds": [ "shlp2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-38167865", "pmid": "38167865", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "HEK293 SHLP2-APEX proximity labeling and isolated mitochondrial protein affinity-column assays", "text": "Using HEK293 SHLP2-APEX proximity labeling and isolated mitochondrial protein affinity-column assays, the study reported that the combined results supported SHLP2 binding to the Pd modules of mitochondrial complex 1.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp2-37644144-1", "compoundIds": [ "shlp2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-37644144", "pmid": "37644144", "model": "computational", "system": "Comparative vertebrate mitochondrial coding-sequence analysis", "text": "Using comparative vertebrate mitochondrial coding-sequence analysis, the study reported no significant synonymous codon bias and poor conservation for SHLP2.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-shlp2-37468558-2", "compoundIds": [ "shlp2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-37468558", "pmid": "37468558", "model": "animal", "system": "Male C57BL/6J mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity", "text": "In male C57BL/6J mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity, the study reported reduced body weight gain and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity with SHLP2.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp3-27070352-1", "compoundIds": [ "shlp3" ], "referenceId": "pmid-27070352", "pmid": "27070352", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Insulin-exposed murine 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and Oil Red-O staining assay", "text": "Using insulin-exposed murine 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and Oil Red-O staining, the study observed accelerated differentiation with SHLP3.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp3-27070352-2", "compoundIds": [ "shlp3" ], "referenceId": "pmid-27070352", "pmid": "27070352", "model": "animal", "system": "Conscious Sprague Dawley rats studied with insulin clamps", "text": "In conscious Sprague Dawley rats studied with insulin clamps (n = 6), the study observed no effect of SHLP3 on insulin action in vivo.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp3-27070352-3", "compoundIds": [ "shlp3" ], "referenceId": "pmid-27070352", "pmid": "27070352", "model": "animal", "system": "C57BL/6 mouse serum biomarker assays", "text": "In C57BL/6 mice (n = 5), the study reported significantly increased serum IL-6 and MCP-1 levels with SHLP3.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp3-27070352-4", "compoundIds": [ "shlp3" ], "referenceId": "pmid-27070352", "pmid": "27070352", "model": "animal", "system": "C57BL/6 mouse serum insulin assay", "text": "In C57BL/6 mice (n = 5), the study observed no effect of SHLP3 on serum insulin levels.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp3-27070352-5", "compoundIds": [ "shlp3" ], "referenceId": "pmid-27070352", "pmid": "27070352", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Murine NIT-1 β-cells and human prostate cancer 22Rv1 cells under serum starvation", "text": "In murine NIT-1 β-cells and human prostate cancer 22Rv1 cells under serum starvation, the study observed increased viability and decreased apoptosis with SHLP3.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp3-37644144-1", "compoundIds": [ "shlp3" ], "referenceId": "pmid-37644144", "pmid": "37644144", "model": "computational", "system": "Comparative vertebrate mitochondrial coding-sequence analysis", "text": "Using comparative vertebrate mitochondrial coding-sequence analysis, the study reported no significant synonymous codon bias and poor conservation for SHLP3.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-shlp6-27070352-1", "compoundIds": [ "shlp6" ], "referenceId": "pmid-27070352", "pmid": "27070352", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Murine NIT-1 β-cells and human prostate cancer 22Rv1 cells under serum starvation", "text": "In murine NIT-1 β-cells and human prostate cancer 22Rv1 cells under serum starvation, the study observed significantly increased apoptosis with SHLP6.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp6-27070352-2", "compoundIds": [ "shlp6" ], "referenceId": "pmid-27070352", "pmid": "27070352", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "C57BL/6 mouse tissue immunoblot assay", "text": "Using a C57BL/6 mouse tissue immunoblot assay, the study detected SHLP6 in liver and kidney.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-shlp6-37644144-1", "compoundIds": [ "shlp6" ], "referenceId": "pmid-37644144", "pmid": "37644144", "model": "computational", "system": "Comparative vertebrate mitochondrial coding-sequence analysis", "text": "Using comparative vertebrate mitochondrial coding-sequence analysis, the study reported strong synonymous codon bias and sequence conservation for SHLP6.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-spexin-24517231-1", "compoundIds": [ "spexin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-24517231", "pmid": "24517231", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human, Xenopus and zebrafish GALR2/3 ligand-receptor activation assays", "text": "Using human, Xenopus and zebrafish GALR2/3 ligand-receptor activation assays, the study observed receptor activation by SPXs.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-spexin-24517231-2", "compoundIds": [ "spexin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-24517231", "pmid": "24517231", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "GALR1 ligand-receptor activation assay", "text": "Using a GALR1 ligand-receptor activation assay, the study observed no receptor activation by SPXs.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-spexin-35594396-1", "compoundIds": [ "spexin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35594396", "pmid": "35594396", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human GALR2-mini-Gq cryo-electron microscopy preparation", "text": "Using a human GALR2-mini-Gq cryo-electron microscopy preparation, the study reported a spexin-bound complex at 3.5 Å nominal resolution.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-spadin-20405001-1", "compoundIds": [ "spadin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-20405001", "pmid": "20405001", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "TREK-1-transfected COS-7 membrane homogenate radioligand competition assay", "text": "Using TREK-1-transfected COS-7 membrane homogenates in radioligand competition assays, the study reported spadin affinity of about 10 nM.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-spadin-20405001-2", "compoundIds": [ "spadin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-20405001", "pmid": "20405001", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "TREK-1-expressing COS-7 electrophysiology assay", "text": "Using a TREK-1-expressing COS-7 electrophysiology assay, the study observed blockade of channel activity with spadin.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-spadin-20405001-3", "compoundIds": [ "spadin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-20405001", "pmid": "20405001", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Wild-type and kcnk2-null mouse CA3 hippocampal neurons in brain slices", "text": "In wild-type and kcnk2-null mouse CA3 hippocampal neurons in brain slices, the study observed TREK-1 blockade with spadin in wild-type tissue and no corresponding blockade in null tissue.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-spadin-20405001-4", "compoundIds": [ "spadin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-20405001", "pmid": "20405001", "model": "animal", "system": "Mice in five behavioral tests predicting an antidepressant response", "text": "In mice assessed with five behavioral tests predicting an antidepressant response, the study reported a depression-resistant phenotype with spadin.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-kisspeptin-14-11457843-1", "compoundIds": [ "kisspeptin-14" ], "referenceId": "pmid-11457843", "pmid": "11457843", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human placental peptide isolation and identification", "text": "Using human placental peptide isolation and identification, the study identified kisspeptins including a 14-residue peptide with a common RF-amide C terminus.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-kisspeptin-14-11457843-2", "compoundIds": [ "kisspeptin-14" ], "referenceId": "pmid-11457843", "pmid": "11457843", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells expressing rat or human GPR54", "text": "Using Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells expressing rat or human GPR54, the study reported low-nanomolar binding affinities for the isolated kisspeptins, which included the 14-residue peptide.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-kisspeptin-14-11457843-3", "compoundIds": [ "kisspeptin-14" ], "referenceId": "pmid-11457843", "pmid": "11457843", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells expressing rat or human GPR54", "text": "Using Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells expressing rat or human GPR54, the study reported PIP2 hydrolysis, calcium mobilization, arachidonic acid release and ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation with the isolated kisspeptins, which included the 14-residue peptide.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-kisspeptin-14-11457843-4", "compoundIds": [ "kisspeptin-14" ], "referenceId": "pmid-11457843", "pmid": "11457843", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells expressing rat or human GPR54", "text": "Using Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells expressing rat or human GPR54, the study observed inhibited proliferation with the isolated kisspeptins, which included the 14-residue peptide.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-galanin-35594396-1", "compoundIds": [ "galanin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35594396", "pmid": "35594396", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human GALR1-Go and GALR2-Gq cryo-electron microscopy preparations", "text": "Using human GALR1-Go and GALR2-Gq cryo-electron microscopy preparations, the study reported galanin-bound receptor complexes.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-galanin-35594396-2", "compoundIds": [ "galanin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35594396", "pmid": "35594396", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human galanin-bound GALR1 and GALR2 structural preparations", "text": "Using human galanin-bound GALR1 and GALR2 structural preparations, the study found a mainly alpha-helical peptide positioned in the extracellular vestibule nearly parallel to the membrane.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-galanin-35594396-3", "compoundIds": [ "galanin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35594396", "pmid": "35594396", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human GALR1-expressing HEK-293T NanoBiT mini-G recruitment assay", "text": "Using a human GALR1-expressing HEK-293T NanoBiT mini-G recruitment assay, the study measured zinc inhibition of galanin-associated receptor activation with an IC50 of 47.2 μM.", "direction": "negative", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-galanin-35594396-4", "compoundIds": [ "galanin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35594396", "pmid": "35594396", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human GALR2-expressing HEK-293T NanoBiT mini-G recruitment assay", "text": "Using a human GALR2-expressing HEK-293T NanoBiT mini-G recruitment assay, the study observed little effect of zinc on galanin-induced receptor activation below millimolar zinc concentrations.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-glp-2-10704722-1", "compoundIds": [ "glp-2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-10704722", "pmid": "10704722", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human ileal peptide extracts in mass-spectrometry and sequencing assays", "text": "Hartmann et al. identified GLP-2 isolated from human ileal extracts as proglucagon residues 126-158 by mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glp-2-9348213-1", "compoundIds": [ "glp-2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9348213", "pmid": "9348213", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat ileal extracts in HPLC and radioimmunoassays", "text": "Brubaker et al. detected GLP-2-(1-33) and GLP-2-(3-33) in rat ileal extracts, with GLP-2-(3-33) accounting for 16 +/- 7% of total GLP-2 in HPLC and radioimmunoassays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glp-2-9348213-2", "compoundIds": [ "glp-2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9348213", "pmid": "9348213", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human GLP-2-(1-33) with dipeptidylpeptidase IV", "text": "Brubaker et al. observed liberation of GLP-2-(3-33) when human GLP-2-(1-33) was incubated with dipeptidylpeptidase IV in an enzyme-cleavage assay.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glp-2-9348213-3", "compoundIds": [ "glp-2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9348213", "pmid": "9348213", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Gly2-substituted human GLP-2 with dipeptidylpeptidase IV", "text": "Brubaker et al. observed that replacing Ala2 with Gly2 prevented dipeptidylpeptidase-IV cleavage of human GLP-2 in an enzyme-cleavage assay.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glp-2-9348213-4", "compoundIds": [ "glp-2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9348213", "pmid": "9348213", "model": "animal", "system": "Rats in a plasma radioimmunoassay study", "text": "Brubaker et al. measured a 3.6-fold increase in total plasma immunoreactive GLP-2 in fed rats relative to fasted rats (P < 0.001) by radioimmunoassay.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-glp-2-2714431-1", "compoundIds": [ "glp-2" ], "referenceId": "pmid-2714431", "pmid": "2714431", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Pig and human small-intestinal extracts in radioimmunoassays", "text": "Orskov et al. detected no GLP-2-associated signal in the PG 151-160 radioimmunoassay after gel filtration of pig and human small-intestinal extracts.", "direction": "null", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hcg-1150658-1", "compoundIds": [ "hcg" ], "referenceId": "pmid-1150658", "pmid": "1150658", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human hCG alpha subunits in amino-acid sequence analysis", "text": "Morgan et al. identified oligosaccharide side chains at residues 52 and 78 of the human hCG alpha subunit during sequence analysis.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hcg-1150658-2", "compoundIds": [ "hcg" ], "referenceId": "pmid-1150658", "pmid": "1150658", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human hCG beta subunits in amino-acid sequence analysis", "text": "Morgan et al. identified oligosaccharide side chains at residues 13, 30, 121, 127, 132, and 138 of the human hCG beta subunit during sequence analysis.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hcg-481597-1", "compoundIds": [ "hcg" ], "referenceId": "pmid-481597", "pmid": "481597", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human hCG alpha-subunit cDNA in plasmid cloning and sequencing assays", "text": "Fiddes et al. reported a 621-base-pair human hCG alpha-subunit cDNA fragment containing the entire coding region, including a 24-amino-acid presequence, in plasmid cloning and sequencing assays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hcg-6774259-1", "compoundIds": [ "hcg" ], "referenceId": "pmid-6774259", "pmid": "6774259", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human hCG beta-subunit cDNA in pBR322 cloning and sequencing assays", "text": "Fiddes et al. reported a cloned 579-base-pair human hCG beta-subunit cDNA encoding a 145-residue subunit and identified a 20-residue hydrophobic presequence from its nucleotide sequence.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hcg-7922031-1", "compoundIds": [ "hcg" ], "referenceId": "pmid-7922031", "pmid": "7922031", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Recombinant hCG from mammalian cells in X-ray diffraction assays", "text": "Wu et al. reported a 2.6-angstrom structure of partially deglycosylated recombinant hCG produced in mammalian cells using multiwavelength anomalous diffraction.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-hcg-7922031-2", "compoundIds": [ "hcg" ], "referenceId": "pmid-7922031", "pmid": "7922031", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Recombinant hCG subunits in X-ray diffraction assays", "text": "Wu et al. identified a cystine-knot motif in each subunit and two interchain beta sheets at the subunit interface in their recombinant hCG structure.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-leuprolide-20354741-1", "compoundIds": [ "leuprolide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-20354741", "pmid": "20354741", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Leuprolide in DMSO-d6 and D2O NMR assays", "text": "Laimou et al. observed NMR evidence for a type-I beta turn in leuprolide residues 2-5 in DMSO-d6 and a type-II beta turn in residues 3-6 in D2O.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-leuprolide-24490142-1", "compoundIds": [ "leuprolide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-24490142", "pmid": "24490142", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Tumorigenic HEK293[SCL60] and WPE-1-NB26-3 prostate cells expressing rat GnRH receptors", "text": "Morgan et al. observed agonist and antiproliferative activity for D-Leu6 GnRH analogues, including leuprolide, in tumorigenic HEK293[SCL60] and WPE-1-NB26-3 prostate cells expressing rat GnRH receptors.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-teriparatide-9933468-1", "compoundIds": [ "teriparatide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-9933468", "pmid": "9933468", "model": "animal", "system": "Young male Fisher rats in bone-mass assays", "text": "Frolik et al. observed increased trabecular and cortical bone mass in young male Fisher rats receiving recombinant human PTH(1-34) in a study using bone densitometry and histomorphometry.", "direction": "positive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-teriparatide-31595483-1", "compoundIds": [ "teriparatide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-31595483", "pmid": "31595483", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Recombinant human PTH-R1 extracellular-domain fragment in a competitive ELISA", "text": "Kovács et al. observed teriparatide displacement of biotinylated PTH(1-34) from the recombinant human PTH-R1 extracellular-domain fragment spanning residues 23-189 in a competitive ELISA.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-teriparatide-31595483-2", "compoundIds": [ "teriparatide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-31595483", "pmid": "31595483", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat UMR-106 and human Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells in cAMP-release assays", "text": "Kovács et al. measured teriparatide-associated cAMP release in rat UMR-106 and human Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells using enzyme-fragment-complementation assays.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-tb-500-23084823-1", "compoundIds": [ "tb-500" ], "referenceId": "pmid-23084823", "pmid": "23084823", "model": "animal", "system": "Plasma and urine from horses", "text": "Ho et al. detected N-acetylated LKKTETQ and its metabolites by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in plasma and urine from horses following TB-500 administration.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "abstract" }, { "id": "finding-oxytocin-37649440-1", "compoundIds": [ "oxytocin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-37649440", "pmid": "37649440", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "HEK293T cells expressing oxytocin receptor and chimeric Gαs/Gαq (sq5)", "text": "Layden et al. reported an EC50 of 0.97 nM for native oxytocin in a GloSensor cAMP assay using HEK293T cells expressing oxytocin receptor and a chimeric Gαs/Gαq protein.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-oxytocin-37649440-2", "compoundIds": [ "oxytocin" ], "referenceId": "pmid-37649440", "pmid": "37649440", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Hippocampal CA1/CA2 parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in acute PvalbCre/Rosa26-lsl-tdTomato mouse brain slices", "text": "Layden et al. recorded an inward current within 3–4 minutes of native oxytocin bath application in parvalbumin-expressing CA1/CA2 interneurons in acute hippocampal slices from PvalbCre/Rosa26-lsl-tdTomato mice (seven cells from four mice).", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-elamipretide-31780923-1", "compoundIds": [ "elamipretide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-31780923", "pmid": "31780923", "model": "animal", "system": "Male mice; plasma, liver and kidney", "text": "Wyss et al. reported a time to peak SS-31 concentration of 1.0 hour in plasma, liver, and kidney in six male mice, with corresponding half-lives of 0.3, 0.9, and 1.1 hours.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-elamipretide-31780923-2", "compoundIds": [ "elamipretide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-31780923", "pmid": "31780923", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Rat brain-derived EC219 endothelial cells", "text": "Wyss et al. observed inhibition of aminopeptidase A activity by native SS-31 in rat brain-derived EC219 endothelial cells, while SS-31 did not inhibit γ-glutamyl transferase activity in the same intact-cell model.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-elamipretide-35913044-1", "compoundIds": [ "elamipretide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35913044", "pmid": "35913044", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Large unilamellar vesicles containing an 80:20 molar ratio of POPC:tetraoleoyl cardiolipin", "text": "Mitchell et al. measured SS-31 binding to large unilamellar vesicles containing an 80:20 molar ratio of phosphatidylcholine to tetraoleoyl cardiolipin by isothermal titration calorimetry, with an average binding stoichiometry of 5.4 accessible lipids per bound peptide.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-elamipretide-35913044-2", "compoundIds": [ "elamipretide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35913044", "pmid": "35913044", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitoplasts and 80:20 POPC:tetraoleoyl-cardiolipin large unilamellar vesicles", "text": "Mitchell et al. observed a saturable reduction in membrane surface charge with SS-31 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitoplasts and in 80:20 phosphatidylcholine:tetraoleoyl-cardiolipin vesicles using the fluorescent reporter 1,8-ANS.", "direction": "descriptive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-elamipretide-35913044-3", "compoundIds": [ "elamipretide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35913044", "pmid": "35913044", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria", "text": "Mitchell et al. found no measurable change in the TMRM-detected transmembrane potential of isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria with SS-31 under the tested conditions (three independent samples).", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-elamipretide-35913044-4", "compoundIds": [ "elamipretide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35913044", "pmid": "35913044", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Serum-deprived human ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cells", "text": "Mitchell et al. observed an increase in TMRM fluorescence after SS-31 exposure in human ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cells following three days of serum deprivation, consistent with partial restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential (p<0.05; three independent experiments).", "direction": "positive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-elamipretide-35913044-5", "compoundIds": [ "elamipretide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-35913044", "pmid": "35913044", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human HK-2 kidney epithelial cells in serum-containing medium", "text": "Mitchell et al. found no effect of SS-31 on viability of human HK-2 kidney epithelial cells grown for three days in serum-containing medium.", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-elamipretide-31780923-3", "compoundIds": [ "elamipretide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-31780923", "pmid": "31780923", "model": "animal", "system": "10-week-old male BALB/c mice with aristolochic-acid-induced acute kidney injury", "text": "Wyss et al. reported lower mean creatinine in SS-31-treated 10-week-old male BALB/c mice with aristolochic-acid-induced acute kidney injury (162 ± 21 µmol/L) than in the aristolochic-acid-only group (258 ± 92 µmol/L).", "direction": "positive", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-elamipretide-31780923-4", "compoundIds": [ "elamipretide" ], "referenceId": "pmid-31780923", "pmid": "31780923", "model": "animal", "system": "Male BALB/c mice with aristolochic-acid- or adriamycin-induced acute kidney injury", "text": "Wyss et al. observed further increases in kidney COX-2 mRNA with SS-31 in male BALB/c mice with aristolochic-acid- or adriamycin-induced acute kidney injury, and reported that SS-31 did not reduce the measured inflammatory-gene expression in the aristolochic-acid model except for NF-κB1.", "direction": "mixed", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-angiotensin-1-7-34452239-1", "compoundIds": [ "angiotensin-1-7" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34452239", "pmid": "34452239", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Normal human astrocytes (NHA) and immortalized human cerebral microvascular endothelial hCMEC/D3 cells", "text": "Alabsi et al. found no statistically significant difference in relative cell viability between Ang-(1–7)-exposed cultures and controls in normal human astrocytes (NHA) and human cerebral microvascular endothelial hCMEC/D3 cells across the tested concentration range (p values >0.05).", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" }, { "id": "finding-angiotensin-1-7-34452239-2", "compoundIds": [ "angiotensin-1-7" ], "referenceId": "pmid-34452239", "pmid": "34452239", "model": "in-vitro", "system": "Human RPMI2650 nasal anaplastic squamous-cell carcinoma, A549 alveolar adenocarcinoma, and H441 lung adenocarcinoma cells", "text": "Alabsi et al. found no statistically significant difference in relative cell viability between Ang-(1–7)-exposed cultures and controls in human RPMI2650 nasal anaplastic squamous-cell carcinoma, A549 alveolar adenocarcinoma, and H441 lung adenocarcinoma cells across the tested concentration range (p values >0.05).", "direction": "null", "basis": "full-text" } ] }