{
  "dataset": "Purely Peptides Research Library",
  "file": "mechanisms",
  "description": "Published mechanism records (receptors and other molecular targets) and the compound records linked to them.",
  "version": "2026-10-21",
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "Purely Peptides Research Library, https://purelypeptides.org/research/, licensed CC BY 4.0",
  "notice": "Research reference data about peptide identity, structure and the published literature. It is not product information, makes no claim about any product, and is not medical advice.",
  "count": 17,
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "glp-1-receptor",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/glp-1-receptor/",
      "name": "Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor",
      "aliases": [
        "GLP-1R"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "overview": "GLP-1R is a class B G-protein-coupled receptor. The cited structural and pharmacology records characterize semaglutide and retatrutide as peptide agonists at this receptor.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "semaglutide",
        "retatrutide",
        "tirzepatide",
        "exenatide",
        "liraglutide",
        "orforglipron",
        "survodutide",
        "mazdutide",
        "glp-1-7-36-amide",
        "glp-1-7-37",
        "oxyntomodulin"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [
        "gip-receptor",
        "glucagon-receptor"
      ],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-26308095",
        "pmid-34260945",
        "pmid-31031702",
        "pmid-35985340",
        "pmid-37366315",
        "pmid-37385280",
        "pmid-38858523",
        "pmid-23684623",
        "pmid-28538729",
        "pmid-21094903",
        "pmid-32152292",
        "pmid-33177239",
        "pmid-36356832",
        "pmid-38560764",
        "pmid-37549266",
        "pmid-32682761",
        "pmid-33933675",
        "pmid-1313797",
        "pmid-1574068",
        "pmid-25202980",
        "pmid-30473097",
        "pmid-32213703",
        "pmid-32396843",
        "pmid-32730231",
        "pmid-35333651",
        "pmid-39693407",
        "pmid-22421924"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "gip-receptor",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/gip-receptor/",
      "name": "Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor",
      "aliases": [
        "GIPR"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "overview": "GIPR is a class B G-protein-coupled receptor. The cited discovery and trial records identify it as one of the three receptor relationships declared for retatrutide.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "retatrutide",
        "tirzepatide",
        "gip-1-42"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [
        "glp-1-receptor",
        "glucagon-receptor"
      ],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-35985340",
        "pmid-37366315",
        "pmid-37385280",
        "pmid-38858523",
        "pmid-23684623",
        "pmid-32396843",
        "pmid-21094903",
        "pmid-40024571",
        "pmid-35333651",
        "pmid-30473097",
        "pmid-32730231"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "glucagon-receptor",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/glucagon-receptor/",
      "name": "Glucagon receptor",
      "aliases": [
        "GCGR"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "overview": "GCGR is a class B G-protein-coupled receptor. Retatrutide's LY3437943 discovery record characterizes a molecular agonist relationship at GCGR alongside GIPR and GLP-1R.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "retatrutide",
        "survodutide",
        "mazdutide",
        "glucagon",
        "oxyntomodulin"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [
        "glp-1-receptor",
        "gip-receptor"
      ],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-35985340",
        "pmid-37366315",
        "pmid-37385280",
        "pmid-38858523",
        "pmid-28514451",
        "pmid-29300013",
        "pmid-36356832",
        "pmid-38560764",
        "pmid-37549266",
        "pmid-32682761",
        "pmid-33933675",
        "pmid-32193322",
        "pmid-22421924"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kisspeptin-receptor",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/kisspeptin-receptor/",
      "name": "Kisspeptin receptor",
      "aliases": [
        "KISS1R",
        "GPR54",
        "AXOR12"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "overview": "KISS1R is a G-protein-coupled receptor historically reported as GPR54 and AXOR12. Foundational records identify KISS1-derived peptides as its endogenous ligands.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "kisspeptin-10",
        "kisspeptin-14"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-11385580",
        "pmid-11457843",
        "pmid-11387329",
        "pmid-16731583"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ghrh-receptor",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/ghrh-receptor/",
      "name": "GHRH receptor",
      "aliases": [
        "GHRHR",
        "Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "GHRHR"
      ],
      "overview": "A class B G-protein-coupled receptor expressed on anterior pituitary somatotrophs. Synthetic growth hormone-releasing factor analogs are characterized by their activity at this receptor.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "tesamorelin",
        "cjc-1295",
        "sermorelin"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [
        "ghs-receptor"
      ],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-19243281",
        "pmid-25358450",
        "pmid-15817669",
        "pmid-16352683",
        "pmid-16822960",
        "pmid-17086939",
        "pmid-21283099",
        "pmid-1333056"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "copper-ion-coordination",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/copper-ion-coordination/",
      "name": "Cu(II) coordination",
      "aliases": [
        "Copper(II) chelation",
        "Copper-peptide complex formation"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "binding-interaction",
      "overview": "Formation of a discrete coordination complex between a peptide ligand and a Cu(II) ion. Spectroscopic study of the glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine complex reports a mononuclear 1:1 species at neutral pH with equatorial nitrogen coordination including the histidyl imidazole. Complex formation changes the molecular formula, mass, and analytical identity of the species relative to the free peptide, and is reversible by competing chelators.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "ghk-cu"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-6291585",
        "pmid-7340824",
        "pmid-37624577",
        "pmid-2244543",
        "pmid-18644225"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "focal-adhesion-signaling",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/focal-adhesion-signaling/",
      "name": "Focal adhesion kinase signaling",
      "aliases": [
        "FAK-paxillin pathway",
        "FAK signaling"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "signaling-pathway",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "PTK2",
        "PXN"
      ],
      "overview": "A cytoskeletal signaling pathway in which focal adhesion kinase and paxillin phosphorylation coordinate cell adhesion, spreading, and migration.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "bpc-157"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-21030672",
        "pmid-30915550",
        "pmid-34267654"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ghs-receptor",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/ghs-receptor/",
      "name": "Growth hormone secretagogue receptor",
      "aliases": [
        "GHS-R1a",
        "Ghrelin receptor",
        "GHSR"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "GHSR"
      ],
      "overview": "A G-protein-coupled receptor distinct from the GHRH receptor. Antagonist profiling reported that ipamorelin releases growth hormone through a GHRP-like receptor rather than through the GHRH receptor, establishing the two pathways as separate.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "ipamorelin",
        "ghrp-6",
        "pralmorelin",
        "examorelin",
        "octanoyl-ghrelin",
        "macimorelin",
        "anamorelin"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [
        "ghrh-receptor",
        "cd36-scavenger-receptor"
      ],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-9849822",
        "pmid-21396419",
        "pmid-32814772",
        "pmid-11322507",
        "pmid-11459660",
        "pmid-14763922",
        "pmid-11745115",
        "pmid-10604470",
        "pmid-34417468",
        "pmid-39128804",
        "pmid-12646029",
        "pmid-40542284",
        "pmid-39833471"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ampk-signaling",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/ampk-signaling/",
      "name": "AMPK signaling",
      "aliases": [
        "AMP-activated protein kinase",
        "AMPK pathway"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "signaling-pathway",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "PRKAA1",
        "PRKAA2"
      ],
      "overview": "A serine/threonine kinase complex that senses low cellular ATP and phosphorylates substrates that increase ATP generation and decrease ATP consumption. Reported as a central mediator of the cellular response to energetic stress and of multiple aspects of mitochondrial homeostasis.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "mots-c"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-28974774",
        "pmid-25738459",
        "pmid-29983246"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "actin-sequestration",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/actin-sequestration/",
      "name": "G-actin sequestration",
      "aliases": [
        "Actin monomer binding",
        "G-actin binding"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "binding-interaction",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "ACTB"
      ],
      "overview": "Binding of monomeric globular actin by a peptide ligand, holding it in a form unavailable for filament assembly. Beta-thymosins are reported as the main intracellular G-actin-sequestering peptides in most vertebrate cells, with a dissociation constant in the micromolar range that permits rapid binding and release.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "thymosin-beta-4"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-17468232",
        "pmid-11112680",
        "pmid-17495248",
        "pmid-20536447"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "innate-repair-receptor",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/innate-repair-receptor/",
      "name": "Innate repair receptor",
      "aliases": [
        "IRR",
        "EPOR/CD131 heteromer",
        "beta common receptor complex"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "EPOR",
        "CSF2RB"
      ],
      "overview": "A heteromeric receptor complex proposed in 2004 to comprise the erythropoietin receptor together with the beta common receptor (CD131), and described as distinct from the EPOR homodimer that mediates erythroid maturation. The proposal rests on co-purification and co-immunoprecipitation of the two receptors from tissue membranes, colocalization in protected cells, and the absence of erythropoietin's protective activity in beta common receptor knockout animals. It is disputed. An independent group examined the extracellular regions of the two receptors in silico and in vitro, in the presence and in the absence of erythropoietin or the erythropoietin-derived peptide cibinetide, reported that they do not specifically associate, and opens by calling the complex controversial. No biophysical demonstration of a direct association between the two receptors has been published. This record therefore describes a reported complex together with the test that failed to confirm it, not an established one. Peptides characterized as selective agonists at this complex are reported not to engage the homodimeric receptor.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "ara-290"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-29026145",
        "pmid-15456912",
        "pmid-30127368",
        "pmid-18676614",
        "pmid-21873879"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "melanocortin-receptors",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/melanocortin-receptors/",
      "name": "Melanocortin receptors",
      "aliases": [
        "MC1R",
        "MC2R",
        "MC3R",
        "MC4R",
        "MC5R",
        "MCR"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "MC1R",
        "MC2R",
        "MC3R",
        "MC4R",
        "MC5R"
      ],
      "overview": "A family of five G protein-coupled receptors, MC1R through MC5R. ACTH recognition and signaling at MC2R depend on the accessory protein MRAP. Native hormones, peptide analogs and nonpeptide ligands differ in receptor-subtype recognition and functional direction; binding affinity, agonism and antagonism must be interpreted separately in the experimental system studied.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "melanotan-ii",
        "pt-141",
        "melanotan-i",
        "alpha-msh",
        "setmelanotide",
        "cosyntropin",
        "shu9119",
        "thiq"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-10447101",
        "pmid-34433901",
        "pmid-34561620",
        "pmid-6777774",
        "pmid-9287296",
        "pmid-34453129",
        "pmid-35188390",
        "pmid-42340853",
        "pmid-7658432",
        "pmid-32327598",
        "pmid-33858992",
        "pmid-16114870",
        "pmid-19303903",
        "pmid-26424796",
        "pmid-21211532",
        "pmid-36588120",
        "pmid-12750433"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "amylin-and-calcitonin-receptors",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/amylin-and-calcitonin-receptors/",
      "name": "Amylin and calcitonin receptors",
      "aliases": [
        "CALCR",
        "CTR",
        "AMY1",
        "AMY2",
        "AMY3",
        "RAMP1",
        "RAMP2",
        "RAMP3"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "CALCR",
        "RAMP1",
        "RAMP2",
        "RAMP3"
      ],
      "overview": "The calcitonin receptor, and the amylin receptor complexes it forms when associated with receptor activity-modifying proteins RAMP1, RAMP2 or RAMP3. Because the amylin receptors are heteromers rather than distinct gene products, receptor construct and accessory-protein expression must accompany any selectivity claim; a potency ranking is not transferable between assay systems.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "cagrilintide",
        "amylin",
        "pramlintide"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-40204768",
        "pmid-40609154",
        "pmid-34288673"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cd36-scavenger-receptor",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/cd36-scavenger-receptor/",
      "name": "CD36 scavenger receptor",
      "aliases": [
        "CD36",
        "FAT",
        "SR-B2"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "CD36"
      ],
      "overview": "A multifunctional scavenger receptor, distinct from the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, reported as a binding target for certain synthetic secretagogue peptides. It is recorded separately here precisely because collapsing it into the ghrelin-receptor mechanism would erase the finding that these compounds are not pharmacologically interchangeable.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "pralmorelin",
        "examorelin"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [
        "ghs-receptor"
      ],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-11988484",
        "pmid-15176951"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "galanin-receptors",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/galanin-receptors/",
      "name": "Galanin receptors",
      "aliases": [
        "GALR1",
        "GALR2",
        "GALR3",
        "GalR"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "GALR1",
        "GALR2",
        "GALR3"
      ],
      "overview": "The galanin receptor family comprises three G protein-coupled receptors. GALR1 and GALR3 signal through Gi/o, while GALR2 signals mainly through Gq/11. Spexin activates GALR2 and GALR3 but not GALR1 in the reported ligand panel. Structural studies compared galanin-bound GALR1-Go and GALR2-Gq with spexin-bound GALR2-Gq, providing evidence for ligand recognition and subtype-dependent coupling.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "galanin",
        "spexin"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-35594396",
        "pmid-24517231"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "gnrh-receptor",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/gnrh-receptor/",
      "name": "GnRH receptor",
      "aliases": [
        "GNRHR",
        "GnRH-R"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "GNRHR"
      ],
      "overview": "The GnRH receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor encoded in humans by GNRHR. The records linked here cite direct binding measurements for synthetic peptide analogs, made at the human receptor or, where stated, at the rat receptor expressed in cultured cells.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "leuprolide",
        "triptorelin"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-26398856",
        "pmid-24490142",
        "pmid-11802711"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "parathyroid-hormone-1-receptor",
      "url": "https://purelypeptides.org/research/mechanisms/parathyroid-hormone-1-receptor/",
      "name": "Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor",
      "aliases": [
        "PTH1R",
        "PTH/PTHrP receptor"
      ],
      "mechanismType": "receptor",
      "geneSymbols": [
        "PTH1R"
      ],
      "overview": "PTH1R is a class B G-protein-coupled receptor encoded by PTH1R and also called the PTH/PTHrP receptor. The record linked here cites a direct binding measurement made at the human receptor expressed in a human kidney cell line.",
      "compoundIds": [
        "teriparatide"
      ],
      "relatedMechanismIds": [],
      "referenceIds": [
        "pmid-9933468",
        "pmid-31595483"
      ]
    }
  ]
}