Research Articles
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All Research Articles
BPC-157: Mechanisms of Tissue Repair and Regeneration
BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a protective protein found in gastric juice. The cited literature includes rat tendon cell studies and reviews of preclinical gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal injury research.
Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide: Comparative Analysis of Incretin Receptor Pharmacology
Tirzepatide's dual agonism at GLP-1 and GIP receptors gives it a mechanistically distinct profile from semaglutide's selective GLP-1 activity. Here we compare receptor pharmacology, published trial outcomes, and the synergistic mechanisms of the twincretin class.
GHK-Cu: Copper Peptide Research on Collagen Synthesis and Tissue Remodeling
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex with remarkable research activity: it stimulates collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, modulates TGF-β signaling, suppresses NF-κB inflammatory cascades, and regulates gene expression in aging tissue.
Ipamorelin and CJC-1295: Growth Hormone Secretagogue Pharmacology
Ipamorelin studies describe GH release in defined experimental settings. Long-acting CJC-1295 DAC findings do not establish the No-DAC analog's half-life, pulse pattern, or synergy with ipamorelin.
Epithalon: Telomerase Activation and Longevity Research
Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) is a synthetic tetrapeptide best known for its ability to activate telomerase and extend telomere length in somatic cells — a finding with significant implications for cellular aging research.
TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4: Actin Sequestration and Tissue-Repair Mechanisms
The acetylated seven-residue fragment discussed as TB-500 corresponds to an actin-binding domain of Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4). The parent's actin and cell-migration findings do not establish the isolated fragment's function.
Retatrutide: Triple Incretin Receptor Agonism and the Next Frontier of Metabolic Research
Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a single molecule that simultaneously agonizes the GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors. Phase 2 data published in 2023 reported dose-dependent body-composition endpoints, establishing triagonism as a distinct pharmacological class.
Glow Blend: The Research Behind GHK-Cu and TB-500 for Skin and Tissue Regeneration
The Glow Blend pairs GHK-Cu and TB-500. Research on collagen induction and gene-level remodeling from GHK-Cu sits alongside a separate literature on Thymosin Beta-4; the parent's cell-migration and angiogenesis findings cannot be assigned to the TB-500 fragment from these sources.
2025 Peptide Research Roundup: New Findings Across the Compounds We Stock
A research-focused summary of recently published literature across the compounds in our catalog, from large late-stage GLP-1 programs to preclinical work on regenerative and mitochondrial peptides, with primary sources cited throughout.
Semax and Selank: Mechanisms of Nootropic Peptide Research
Semax and Selank are synthetic regulatory neuropeptides developed in Russian neuroscience as stable analogs of endogenous sequences. This overview surveys their receptor and neurotrophic mechanisms as studied in preclinical CNS models.
MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide in Metabolic-Pathway Research
MOTS-c is one of a small class of mitochondrial-derived peptides encoded within mtDNA. This overview surveys its origin, AMPK-linked signaling, and the preclinical models in which it is studied.
KPV: An α-MSH-Derived Tripeptide in Inflammatory-Pathway Research
KPV is the C-terminal tripeptide of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. This overview surveys its inflammatory-signaling and epithelial-transport research, including mouse-colitis findings described as at least partially independent of MC1R signaling.
NAD+ in Cellular Metabolism, Sirtuin, and DNA-Repair Research
NAD+ is a central redox coenzyme and a substrate for sirtuins and PARPs. This overview surveys the pathways in which it is studied, from the salvage cycle to mitochondrial and DNA-repair research.
DSIP: Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide in Neuroendocrine Research
DSIP is a small neuropeptide first isolated for its association with delta-wave EEG activity. This overview surveys its neuroendocrine research profile and the mechanistic questions that remain open.
Tesamorelin: A Stabilized GHRH Analog in GH-Axis Research
Tesamorelin is a stabilized analog of growth-hormone-releasing hormone. This overview surveys its secretagogue mechanism, the GH/IGF-1 axis it engages, and the structural changes that extend its stability.
How to Read a Peptide Certificate of Analysis (COA)
A practical, laboratory-focused guide to interpreting peptide COAs without confusing purity, identity, content, or method suitability.
How Synthetic Peptides Are Made: A Plain-Language Guide to SPPS
Modern synthetic peptides are commonly assembled one amino acid at a time on a solid support. Here is what each stage contributes, and where impurities can arise.
What Does Lyophilized Mean? The Science of Freeze-Dried Peptides
Lyophilization is more than making a powder. It is a controlled freezing and drying process whose outcome depends on formulation, temperature, pressure, and residual moisture.
Why Peptide Stability Is Sequence-Dependent
Peptides do not share one universal stability profile. Their sequences create different vulnerabilities to oxidation, deamidation, hydrolysis, adsorption, and aggregation.
What Are Peptides? A Clear Introduction to Peptide Chemistry
A peptide is not defined by the name on the container. It is a specific amino-acid sequence with measurable properties shaped by synthesis, purification, handling, and storage.
Peptide Purity and Identity: Understanding HPLC, Mass Spectrometry, and Certificates of Analysis
Purity, identity, and quantity are three different questions. Here is what HPLC can answer, what mass spectrometry can answer, and why one number cannot describe a peptide material.
Certificate of Analysis vs. Safety Data Sheet: What Is the Difference?
A CoA is an analytical document. An SDS is a hazard-communication document. Neither substitutes for the other, and neither answers every question about a peptide material.
Peptide Modifications Explained: N-Termini, C-Termini, and Modified Amino Acids
Two materials can share the same amino-acid sequence and still be different molecules. Terminal groups, side-chain modifications, stereochemistry, and disulfide bonds all change what you are measuring.
Peptide Salts and Counterions: What Do Acetate, TFA, and Hydrochloride Mean?
Acetate, trifluoroacetate, and chloride are not interchangeable labels. They contribute different amounts of mass and can change analytical behavior and sample preparation.
HPLC Purity vs. Peptide Content: Why the Percentages Can Be Different
A material can be 98.7% pure by HPLC and still be only 76% peptide by mass. The two numbers are not contradictory - they answer different questions.
Melanocortin Receptor Subtypes (MC1R–MC5R) in Peptide Research
Five melanocortin receptors recognize α-MSH and related peptides, and closely related ligands behave differently at each. This overview follows the primary literature on how the subtypes were identified and how cyclic lactam ligands separate them.
ARA-290 and the Innate Repair Receptor: A Disputed Mechanism
Erythropoietin was proposed in 2004 to act through a second receptor complex, and ARA-290 was characterized against that proposal. A later study tested the complex directly and did not find it. This overview sets out what each paper reports.