Cell, tissue & laboratoryDescriptive only
AOD-9604
Serum and urine incubations
Cox et al. identified six potential AOD9604 metabolites after incubation in serum and urine in vitro.
Research library
Study findings
Findings recorded in this library, each with its study model, result and source paper.
Each finding describes one measurement in one study setting; results from different assays aren't directly comparable.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryDescriptive only
AOD-9604
Serum incubations
Cox et al. identified CRSVEGSCG as a stable AOD9604 metabolite in serum incubations in vitro.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryDescriptive only
Semaglutide
GLP-1 receptor affinity assay
Lau et al. measured a semaglutide GLP-1 receptor affinity of 0.38 ± 0.06 nM in an in-vitro receptor affinity assay.
AnimalDescriptive only
Semaglutide
Mini-pigs
Lau et al. measured a semaglutide plasma half-life of 46.1 h in mini-pigs.
AnimalDescriptive only
Semaglutide
Mini-pigs
Lau et al. measured a semaglutide mean residence time of 63.6 h in mini-pigs.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryDescriptive only
Semaglutide
GLP-1R–Gs protein complexes
Zhang et al. reported cryo-EM structures and identified receptor and bound-peptide motions in semaglutide-bound GLP-1R–Gs protein complexes in vitro.
AnimalPositive result
Semaglutide
Rat area postrema tissue
Gabery et al. observed upregulation of prolactin-releasing hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase in microdissected area postrema tissue from rats exposed to semaglutide.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryDescriptive only
Retatrutide
GCGR, GIPR and GLP-1R activity assays
Coskun et al. reported balanced GCGR and GLP-1R activity and greater GIPR activity for LY3437943 in in-vitro receptor assays.
AnimalPositive result
Retatrutide
Obese mice
Coskun et al. observed decreased body weight and improved glycemic control in obese mice exposed to LY3437943.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryDescriptive only
Kisspeptin-10
Human serum incubations
Colpaert et al. identified four kisspeptin-10 metabolites corresponding to fragments y9, y8, y7 and y5 after incubation in human serum in vitro.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryDescriptive only
Kisspeptin-10
KISS1R receptor complexes
Shen et al. reported a cryo-EM structure of kisspeptin-10 bound to KISS1R in an in-vitro receptor complex and identified interactions with receptor extracellular loops.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryDescriptive only
GHK-Cu
Albumin–peptide equilibrium-dialysis system
Lau et al. measured about 42% of Cu(II) bound to glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine at equimolar albumin and peptide concentrations in an in-vitro equilibrium-dialysis system.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryMixed results
GHK-Cu
Ferritin-dependent iron-catalyzed lipid-peroxidation assay
Miller et al. observed inhibition of iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation by GHK:Cu(II) in vitro only when ferritin was the iron source.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryPositive result
GHK-Cu
Ferritin iron-release assay
Miller et al. observed inhibition of ferritin iron release by GHK:Cu(II) in an in-vitro assay.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryNo effect detected
GHK-Cu
Superoxide-dismutase-like and ceruloplasmin-like activity assays
Miller et al. did not detect significant superoxide-dismutase-like or ceruloplasmin-like activity for GHK:Cu(II) in the in-vitro assays.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryPositive result
Tirzepatide
Cell lines expressing recombinant or endogenous incretin receptors
Coskun et al. observed activation of both GIP and GLP-1 receptor signaling by LY3298176 in in-vitro cell-line assays expressing recombinant or endogenous incretin receptors.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryDescriptive only
Tirzepatide
GLP-1 receptor signaling assays
Willard et al. observed tirzepatide signaling biased toward cAMP generation over β-arrestin recruitment at the GLP-1 receptor in in-vitro signaling assays.
AnimalPositive result
Tirzepatide
Mice
Coskun et al. observed glucose-dependent insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance through both GIP and GLP-1 receptors in mice exposed to LY3298176.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryPositive result
BPC-157
Rat Achilles tendon explants
Chang et al. observed significantly accelerated fibroblast outgrowth from rat Achilles tendon explants cultured with BPC 157 in vitro.
Cell, tissue & laboratoryNo effect detected
BPC-157
Rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts
Chang et al. found no direct effect of BPC 157 on proliferation of cultured rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts in an MTT assay.